The purpose of this work was toinvestigate the clinicopathological characteristics at the initial diagnosis of the pituitary tumor and at pituitary carcinoma (PC) diagnosis, alongside with the management and outcomes of PCs, and identify potential prognostic factors and therapeutic strategies associated with the clinical outcome.
PubMed was searched in May 2021 for articles in English and French reporting PCs, the diagnosis of which was made on the presence of metastases. The cases without histological proof and with either another cancer present or an atypical history for a pituitary tumor were excluded.
One hundred and eighty-one articles reporting 207 cases were included, which included 38% corticotroph and 29% lactotroph carcinomas. An initial Ki67 index ≥10% was associated with shorter survival after the initial diagnosis (P = 0.01). Cases with early metastases were associated with both higher initial Ki67 index (P = 0.01) and shorter survival after PC diagnosis (P = 0.001). Interestingly, cases with short survival after PC diagnosis were associated with shorter time between the initial diagnosis and PC diagnosis (P = 0.0006) and had both higher initial Ki67 index (P = 0.003) and higher Ki67 index of the metastasis (P = 0.03). In addition, cases with long survival after PC diagnosis had received more frequently both systemic treatment after PC diagnosis (P = 0.0005) and local treatment for metastases (P < 0.0001).
An initial Ki67 index ≥10% is associated with worse outcome and appears as a promising early marker of future metastasis. Its presence should lead to an intensified surveillance and to a more timely management. Clinicians should not hesitate to use local treatment, independent of whether systemic treatment is used.
Endocrine-Related Cancer is committed to supporting researchers in demonstrating the impact of their articles published in the journal.
The two types of article metrics we measure are (i) more traditional full-text views and pdf downloads, and (ii) Altmetric data, which shows the wider impact of articles in a range of non-traditional sources, such as social media.
More information is on the Reasons to publish page.
Sept 2018 onwards | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Full Text Views | 120 | 14 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 121 | 18 | 1 |
AbdelBaki MS, Waguespack SG, Salceda V, Jones J, Stapleton SL, Baskin DS & & Okcu MF 2017 Significant response of pituitary carcinoma to carboplatin, leucovorin and fluorouracil chemotherapy: a pediatric case report and review of the literature. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 135 213–215. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-017-2554-1)
Ahmed M, Kanaan I, Alarifi A, Ba-Essa E, Saleem M, Tulbah A, McArthur P & & Hessler R 2000 ACTH-producing pituitary cancer: experience at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. Pituitary 3 105–112. (https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009957824871)
Arnold PM, Ratnasingam D, O’Neil MF & & Johnson PL 2012 Pituitary carcinoma recurrent to the lumbar intradural extramedullary space: case report. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 35 118–121. (https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772311Y.0000000055)
Asa SL & & Ezzat S 2022 Pituitary carcinoma: reclassification and implications in the NET schema. Endocrine Oncology 2 R14–R23. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EO-22-0041)
Asai A, Matsutani M, Funada N & & Takakura K 1988 Malignant growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma with hematogenous dural metastasis: case report. Neurosurgery 22 1091–1094. (https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198806010-00023)
Assies J, Verhoeff NP, Bosch DA & & Hofland LJ 1993 Intracranial dissemination of a macroprolactinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 38 539–546. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00351.x)
Atienza DM, Vigersky RJ, Lack EE, Carriaga M, Rusnock EJ, Tsou E, Cerrone F, Kattah JG & & Sausville EA 1991 Prolactin-producing pituitary carcinoma with pulmonary metastases. Cancer 68 1605–1610. (https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19911001)68:7<1605::aid-cncr2820680723>3.0.co;2-d)
Ayuk J, Natarajan G, Geh JI, Mitchell RD & & Gittoes NJL 2005 Pituitary carcinoma with a single metastasis causing cervical spinal cord compression. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine 2 349–353. (https://doi.org/10.3171/spi.2005.2.3.0349)
Balili I, Sullivan S, Mckeever P & & Barkan A 2014 Pituitary carcinoma with endolymphatic sac metastasis. Pituitary 17 210–213. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-013-0489-x)
Bates AS, Buckley N, Boggild MD, Bicknell EJ, Perrett CW, Broome JC & & Clayton RN 1995 Clinical and genetic changes in a case of a Cushing’s carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 42 663–672. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02697.x)
Beauchesne P, Trouillas J, Barral F & & Brunon J 1995 Gonadotropic pituitary carcinoma: case report. Neurosurgery 37 810–816. (https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199510000-00027)
Bengtsson D, Joost P, Aravidis C, Askmalm Stenmark M, Backman AS, Melin B, von Salomé J, Zagoras T, Gebre-Medhin S & & Burman P 2017 Corticotroph pituitary carcinoma in a patient with Lynch syndrome (LS) and pituitary tumors in a nationwide LS cohort. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102 3928–3932. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01401)
Bengtsson D, Schrøder HD, Andersen M, Maiter D, Berinder K, Feldt Rasmussen U, Rasmussen ÅK, Johannsson G, Hoybye C, van der Lely AJ, et al.2015 Long-term outcome and MGMT as a predictive marker in 24 patients with atypical pituitary adenomas and pituitary carcinomas given treatment with temozolomide. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100 1689–1698. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4350)
Bettencourt-Silva R, Pereira J, Belo S, Magalhães D, Queirós J & & Carvalho D 2018 Prolactin-producing pituitary carcinoma, hypopituitarism, and Graves’ disease-report of a challenging case and literature review. Frontiers in Endocrinology 9 312. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00312)
Bode H, Seiz M, Lammert A, Brockmann MA, Back W, Hammes HP & & Thomé C 2010 SOM230 (pasireotide) and temozolomide achieve sustained control of tumour progression and ACTH secretion in pituitary carcinoma with widespread metastases. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes [and] German Diabetes Association 118 760–763. (https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1253419)
Borba CG, Batista RL, Musolino NRde C, Machado VC, Alcantara AEE, da Silva GO, Sperling Cescato VA & & da Cunha Neto MBC 2015 Progression of an invasive ACTH pituitary macroadenoma with Cushing’s disease to pituitary carcinoma. Case Reports in Oncological Medicine 2015 810367. (https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/810367)
Broersen LHA, van Haalen FM, Kienitz T, Biermasz NR, Strasburger CJ, Dekkers OM & & Pereira AM 2019 Sex differences in presentation but not in outcome for ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Frontiers in Endocrinology 10 580. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00580)
Brown RL, Muzzafar T, Wollman R & & Weiss RE 2006 A pituitary carcinoma secreting TSH and prolactin: a non-secreting adenoma gone awry. European Journal of Endocrinology 154 639–643. (https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02141)
Brown RL, Wollman R & & Weiss RE 2007 Transformation of a pituitary macroadenoma into to a corticotropin-secreting carcinoma over 16 years. Endocrine Practice 13 463–471. (https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.13.5.463)
Bruno OD, Juárez-Allen L, Christiansen SB, Manavela M, Danilowicz K, Vigovich C & & Gómez RM 2015 Temozolomide therapy for aggressive pituitary tumors: results in a small series of patients from Argentina. International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 587893. (https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/587893)
Byrne S, Karapetis C & & Vrodos N 2009 A novel use of temozolomide in a patient with malignant prolactinoma. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 16 1694–1696. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.013)
Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS, Perry A, Stokken JK & & Van Gompel JJ 2019 Nelson-Salassa syndrome progressing to pituitary carcinoma: a Case report and review of the literature. Cureus 11 e5595. (https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5595)
Cartwright DM, Miller TR & & Nasr AJ 1994 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pituitary carcinoma with cervical lymph node metastases: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Diagnostic Cytopathology 11 68–73. (https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840110116)
Casar-Borota O, Boldt HB, Engström BE, Andersen MS, Baussart B, Bengtsson D, Berinder K, Ekman B, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Höybye C, et al.2021 Corticotroph aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas frequently harbor ATRX mutations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 106 1183–1194. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa749)
Casson IF, Walker BA, Hipkin LJ, Davis JC, Buxton PH & & Jeffreys RV 1986 An intrasellar pituitary tumour producing metastases in liver, bone and lymph glands and demonstration of ACTH in the metastatic deposits. Acta Endocrinologica 111 300–304. (https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1110300)
Ceyhan K, Yagmurlu B, Dogan BE, Erdogan N, Bulut S & & Erekul S 2006 Cytopathologic features of pituitary carcinoma with cervical vertebral bone metastasis: a case report. Acta Cytologica 50 225–230. (https://doi.org/10.1159/000325938)
Chandler CM & & Lin X 2017 Cytomorphology of metastatic pituitary carcinoma to the bone. Diagnostic Cytopathology 45 645–650. (https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.23702)
Chang EA, Shah R, Smith SV, Sadaka A, Ortiz Gomez J, Chevez-Barrios P & & Lee AG 2018 Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of pituitary carcinoma. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 38 339–341. (https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000620)
Choi G, Choi HJ, Kim YM, Choi SH, Cho YC, Kim Y, Suh JH & & Cha HJ 2007 Pituitary carcinoma with mandibular metastasis: a case report. Journal of Korean Medical Science 22(Supplement) S145–S148. (https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2007.22.S.S145)
Cohen DL, Diengdoh JV, Thomas DG & & Himsworth RL 1983 An intracranial metastasis from a PRL secreting pituitary tumour. Clinical Endocrinology 18 259–264. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1983.tb03210.x)
Cohen H & & Dible JH 1936 Pituitary basophilism associated with a basophil carcinoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Brain 59 395–407. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/59.4.395)
Corbacho C, Jiménez-Heffernan JA, Tejerina E & & Sanz E 2010 Fine needle aspiration cytology of pituitary carcinoma metastatic to the liver. Acta Cytologica 54(Supplement) 1059–1061.
Cornell RF, Kelly DF, Bordo G, Carroll TB, Duong HT, Kim J, Takasumi Y, Thomas JP, Wong YL & & Findling JW 2013 Chemotherapy-induced regression of an adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary carcinoma accompanied by secondary adrenal insufficiency. Case Reports in Endocrinology 2013 675298. (https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/675298)
Crusius PS, Forcelini CM, Mallmann AB, Silveira DA, Lersch E, Seibert CA, Crusius MU, Carazzo CA, Crusius CU & & Goellner E 2005 Metastatic prolactinoma: case report with immunohistochemical assessment for p53 and Ki-67 antigens. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63 864–869. (https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000500029)
Curtò L, Torre ML, Ferraù F, Pitini V, Altavilla G, Granata F, Longo M, Hofland LJ, Trimarchi F & & Cannavò S 2010 Temozolomide-induced shrinkage of a pituitary carcinoma causing Cushing’s disease--report of a case and literature review. The Scientific World Journal 10 2132–2138. (https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.210)
D’Abrera VS, Burke WJ, Bleasel KF & & Bader L 1973 Carcinoma of the pituitary gland. Journal of Pathology 109 335–343. (https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1711090408)
Das L, Gupta N, Dutta P, Walia R, Vaiphei K, Rai A, Radotra BD, Gupta K, Sreedharanunni S, Ahuja CK, et al.2021 Early initiation of temozolomide therapy may improve response in aggressive pituitary adenomas. Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 774686. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.774686)
Dayan C, Guilding T, Hearing S, Thomas P, Nelson R, Moss T, Bradshaw J, Levy A & & Lightman S 1996 Biochemical cure of recurrent acromegaly by resection of cervical spinal canal metastases. Clinical Endocrinology 44 597–602. (https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.685507.x)
Dekkers OM, Karavitaki N & & Pereira AM 2020 The epidemiology of aggressive pituitary tumors (and its challenges). Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 21 209–212. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09556-7)
Della Casa S, Corsello SM, Satta MA, Rota CA, Putignano P, Vangeli V, Colosimo C, Anile C & & Barbarino A 1997 Intracranial and spinal dissemination of an ACTH secreting pituitary neoplasia. Case report and review of the literature. Annales d’Endocrinologie 58 503–509.
Demir MK, Yapıcıer O, Oral A, Yilmaz B & & Kilic T 2022 Non-functional recurrent pituitary adenoma with intracranial metastasis-Pituitary carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Neuro-Chirurgie 68 106–112. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.02.006)
Donovan LE, Arnal AV, Wang SH & & Odia Y 2016 Widely metastatic atypical pituitary adenoma with mTOR pathway STK11(F298L) mutation treated with everolimus therapy. CNS Oncology 5 203–209. (https://doi.org/10.2217/cns-2016-0011)
Dudziak K, Honegger J, Bornemann A, Horger M & & Müssig K 2011 Pituitary carcinoma with malignant growth from first presentation and fulminant clinical course—case report and review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96 2665–2669. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1166)
Duhamel C, Ilie MD, Salle H, Nassouri AS, Gaillard S, Deluche E, Assaker R, Mortier L, Cortet C & & Raverot G 2020 Immunotherapy in corticotroph and lactotroph aggressive tumors and carcinomas: two case reports and a review of the literature. Journal of Personalized Medicine 10 88. (https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030088)
Endo T, Ogawa Y, Watanabe M & & Tominaga T 2018 A case of pituitary carcinoma initially diagnosed as an ectopic growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma with a high Ki-67 labeling index. Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part A, Central European Neurosurgery 79 90–95. (https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1600515)
Epstein JA, Epstein BS, Molho L & & Zimmerman HM 1964 Carcinoma of the pituitary gland with metastases to the spinal cord and roots of the cauda EQUINA. Journal of Neurosurgery 21 846–853. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1964.21.10.0846)
Fadul CE, Kominsky AL, Meyer LP, Kingman LS, Kinlaw WB, Rhodes CH, Eskey CJ & & Simmons NE 2006 Long-term response of pituitary carcinoma to temozolomide. Report of two cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 105 621–626. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2006.105.4.621)
Farrell WE, Coll AP, Clayton RN & & Harris PE 2003 Corticotroph carcinoma presenting as a silent corticotroph adenoma. Pituitary 6 41–47. (https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026233927714)
Figueiredo EG, Paiva WS & & Teixeira MJ 2009 Extremely late development of pituitary carcinoma after surgery and radiotherapy. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 92 219–222. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-008-9748-5)
Fleischer AS, Reagan T & & Ransohoff J 1972 Primary carcinoma of the pituitary with metastasis to the brain stem. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 36 781–784. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1972.36.6.0781)
Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, Ben-Shlomo A, Bertherat J, Biermasz NR, Boguszewski CL, Bronstein MD, Buchfelder M, Carmichael JD, et al.2021 Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease: a guideline update. Lancet. Diabetes and Endocrinology 9 847–875. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(2100235-7)
Flores L, Sleightholm R, Neilsen B, Baine M, Drincic A, Thorell W, Shonka N, Oupicky D & & Zhang C 2019 Highly aggressive and radiation-resistant, “Atypical” and Silent Pituitary Corticotrophic Carcinoma: a Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports in Oncology 12 139–146. (https://doi.org/10.1159/000496019)
Forbes W 1947 Carcinoma of the pituitary gland with metastases to the liver in a case of Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 59 137–144. (https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1700590115)
Fountas A, Lim ES, Drake WM, Powlson AS, Gurnell M, Martin NM, Seejore K, Murray RD, MacFarlane J, Ahluwalia R, et al.2020 Outcomes of patients with Nelson’s syndrome after primary treatment: a multicenter study from 13 UK pituitary centers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 105 1527–1537. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz200)
Frost AR, Tenner S, Tenner M, Rollhauser C & & Tabbara SO 1995 ACTH-producing pituitary carcinoma presenting as the cauda equina syndrome. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 119 93–96.
Gabrilove JL, Anderson PJ & & Halmi NS 1986 Pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin-cell carcinoma occurring in conjunction with a glioblastoma in a patient with Cushing’s disease and subsequent Nelson’s syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 25 117–126. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01672.x)
Gaffey TA, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Burger PC, Robbins P, Fereidooni F, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Kuroki T, Young WF, et al.2002 Corticotroph carcinoma of the pituitary: a clinicopathological study. Report of four cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 96 352–360. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.96.2.0352)
Garmes HM, Carvalheira JBC, Reis F, Queiroz LS, Fabbro MD, Souza VFP & & Santos AO 2017 Pituitary carcinoma: a case report and discussion of potential value of combined use of Ga-68 DOTATATE and F-18 FDG PET/CT scan to better choose therapy. Surgical Neurology International 8 162. (https://doi.org/10.4103/sni.sni_498_16)
Garrão AF, Sobrinho LG, Bugalho MJ, Boavida JM, Raposo JF, Loureiro M, Limbert E, Costa I & & Antunes JL 1997 ACTH-producing carcinoma of the pituitary with haematogenic metastases. European Journal of Endocrinology 137 17 6–180. (https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1370176)
Gasser RW, Finkenstedt G, Skrabal F, Twerdy K, Grunert V, Mayr U, Frommhold H, Zur Nedden D, Feichtinger J & & Hofstaedter F 1985 Multiple intracranial metastases from a prolactin secreting pituitary tumour. Clinical Endocrinology 22 17–27. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01060.x)
Giordana MT, Cavalla P, Allegranza A & & Pollo B 1994 Intracranial dissemination of pituitary adenoma. Case report and review of the literature. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 15 195–200. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02339323)
Gollard R, Kosty M, Cheney C, Copeland B & & Bordin G 1995 Prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinoma with implants in the cheek pouch and metastases to the ovaries. A case report and literature review. Cancer 76 1814–1820. (https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19951115)76:10<1814::aid-cncr2820761021>3.0.co;2-t)
Graf CJ, Blinderman EE & & Terplan KL 1962 Pituitary carcinoma in a child with distant metastases. Journal of Neurosurgery 19 254–259. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1962.19.3.0254)
Grandidge C, Hall A & & Kitchen N 2016 Secreting follicle-stimulating hormone pituitary carcinoma with cervical metastasis. World Neurosurgery 93 490.e13–490.e16. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.095)
Greenman Y, Woolf P, Coniglio J, O’Mara R, Pei L, Said JW & & Melmed S 1996 Remission of acromegaly caused by pituitary carcinoma after surgical excision of growth hormone-secreting metastasis detected by 111-indium pentetreotide scan. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 1628–1633. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.4.8636379)
Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V, Tafaro E, De Tommasi A, De Tommasi C, Luzzi S, Sabbà C, Resta F, Terreni MR & & Losa M 2007 Evolution of a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma into a fatal carcinoma: a case report. Minerva Endocrinologica 32 231–236.
Guo F, Wang G, Wang F, Xu D & & Liu X 2018 Identification of novel genes involved in the pathogenesis of an ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma: a Case report and literature review. Frontiers in Oncology 8 510. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00510)
Hagen C, Schroeder HD, Hansen S, Hagen C & & Andersen M 2009 Temozolomide treatment of a pituitary carcinoma and two pituitary macroadenomas resistant to conventional therapy. European Journal of Endocrinology 161 631–637. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-09-0389)
Hashimoto N, Handa H & & Nishi S 1986 Intracranial and intraspinal dissemination from a growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 64 140–144. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.1.0140)
Heaney AP 2011 Clinical review: Pituitary carcinoma: difficult diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96 3649–3660. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2031)
Hinton DR, Hahn JA, Weiss MH & & Couldwell WT 1998 Loss of Rb expression in an ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma. Cancer Letters 126 209–214. (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(9800013-5)
Hirohata T, Asano K, Ogawa Y, Takano S, Amano K, Isozaki O, Iwai Y, Sakata K, Fukuhara N, Nishioka H, et al.2013 DNA mismatch repair protein (MSH6) correlated with the responses of atypical pituitary adenomas and pituitary carcinomas to temozolomide: the national cooperative study by the Japan Society for Hypothalamic and Pituitary Tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 98 1130–1136. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2924)
Holthouse DJ, Robbins PD, Kahler R, Knuckey N & & Pullan P 2001 Corticotroph pituitary carcinoma: case report and literature review. Endocrine Pathology 12 329–341. (https://doi.org/10.1385/ep:12:3:329)
Hong AR, Yoon JH, Kim HK & & Kang HC 2020 Malignant prolactinoma with liver metastases masquerading as metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a Case report and literature review. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11 451. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00451)
Ilie MD, Vasiljevic A, Jouanneau E & & Raverot G 2022a Immunotherapy in aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas: a systematic review. Endocrine-Related Cancer 29 415–426. (https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-22-0037)
Ilie MD, Villa C, Cuny T, Cortet C, Assié G, Baussart B, Cancel M, Chanson P, Decoudier B, Deluche E, et al.2022b Real-life efficacy and predictors of response to immunotherapy in pituitary tumors: a cohort study. European Journal of Endocrinology 187 685–696. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-22-0647)
Ilkhchoui Y, Appelbaum DE & & Pu Y 2010 FDG-PET/CT findings of a metastatic pituitary tumor. Cancer Imaging 10 114–116. (https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2010.0015)
Jamjoom A, Moss T, Coakham H, Jamjoom ZA & & Anthony P 1994 Cervical lymph nodes metastases from a pituitary carcinoma. British Journal of Neurosurgery 8 87–92. (https://doi.org/10.3109/02688699409002399)
Ji Y, Vogel RI & & Lou E 2016 Temozolomide treatment of pituitary carcinomas and atypical adenomas: systematic review of case reports. Neuro-Oncology Practice 3 188–195. (https://doi.org/10.1093/nop/npv059)
Joehlin-Price AS, Hardesty DA, Arnold CA, Kirschner LS, Prevedello DM & & Lehman NL 2017 Case report: ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma metastatic to the liver in a patient with a history of atypical pituitary adenoma and Cushing’s disease. Diagnostic Pathology 12 34. (https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-017-0624-5)
Jouanneau E, Wierinckx A, Ducray F, Favrel V, Borson-Chazot F, Honnorat J, Trouillas J & & Raverot G 2012 New targeted therapies in pituitary carcinoma resistant to temozolomide. Pituitary 15 37–43. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0341-0)
Kaiser FE, Orth DN, Mukai K & & Oppenheimer JH 1983 A pituitary parasellar tumor with extracranial metastases and high, partially suppressible levels of adrenocorticotropin and related peptides. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 57 649–653. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-3-649)
Kaltsas GA, Mukherjee JJ, Plowman PN, Monson JP, Grossman AB & & Besser GM 1998 The role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the management of aggressive and malignant pituitary tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 4233–4238. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.12.5300)
Kaltsas GA, Nomikos P, Kontogeorgos G, Buchfelder M & & Grossman AB 2005 Clinical review: diagnosis and management of pituitary carcinomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 3089–3099. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-2231)
Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Cachia D, Waguespack SG, Crane CH, Mahajan A, Brown PD, Nam JY, McCutcheon IE & & Penas-Prado M 2016 Radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide for the management of extraneural metastases in pituitary carcinoma. Pituitary 19 415–421. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-016-0721-6)
Kamphorst W, Wolbers JG, Ponssen H & & Karim AB 1992 Ectopic parasellar pituitary adenoma with subarachnoid seeding. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 55 73–74. (https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.1.73)
Kemink SA, Wesseling P, Pieters GF, Verhofstad AA, Hermus AR & & Smals AG 1999 Progression of a Nelson’s adenoma to pituitary carcinoma; a case report and review of the literature. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 22 70–75. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03345482)
Kouhara H, Tatekawa T, Koga M, Hiraga S, Arita N, Mori H & & Sato B 1992 Intracranial and intraspinal dissemination of an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor. Endocrinologia Japonica 39 177–184. (https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj1954.39.177)
Kovács GL, Góth M, Rotondo F, Scheithauer BW, Carlsen E, Saadia A, Hubina E, Kovács L, Szabolcs I, Nagy P, et al.2013 ACTH-secreting Crooke cell carcinoma of the pituitary. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 43 20–26. (https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12010)
Koyama J, Ikeda K, Shose Y, Kimura M, Obora Y & & Kohmura E 2007 Long-term survival with non-functioning pituitary carcinoma - case report -. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 47 475–478. (https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.47.475)
Kumar K, Macaulay RJ, Kelly M & & Pirlot T 2001 Absent p53 immunohistochemical staining in a pituitary carcinoma. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 28 174–178. (https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100052902)
Kumar K, Wilson JR, Li Q & & Phillipson R 2006 Pituitary carcinoma with subependymal spread. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 33 329–332. (https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100005254)
Kwok MM, Virk JS, Michael M, McKinley M & & Magarey MJR 2022 Cervical nodal metastatic pituitary carcinoma: a case report. Ear, Nose, and Throat Journal 101 110–113. (https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561320944649)
Lall RR, Shafizadeh SF, Lee KH, Mao Q, Mehta M, Raizer J, Bendok BR & & Chandler JP 2013 Orbital metastasis of pituitary growth hormone secreting carcinoma causing lateral gaze palsy. Surgical Neurology International 4 59. (https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.110658)
Lamb LS, Sim HW & & McCormack AI 2020 Case report: a case of pituitary carcinoma treated with sequential dual immunotherapy and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition therapy. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11 576027. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.576027)
Landgraf R, Rieder G, Schmiedek P, Clados D, Bise K & & von Werder K 1985 Hormone-active intradural spinal metastasis of a prolactinoma--a case report. Klinische Wochenschrift 63 379–384. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731658)
Landman RE, Horwith M, Peterson RE, Khandji AG & & Wardlaw SL 2002 Long-term survival with ACTH-secreting carcinoma of the pituitary: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 3084–3089. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.7.8667)
Lasolle H, Cortet C, Castinetti F, Cloix L, Caron P, Delemer B, Desailloud R, Jublanc C, Lebrun-Frenay C, Sadoul JL, et al.2017 Temozolomide treatment can improve overall survival in aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas. European Journal of Endocrinology 176 769–777. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-0979)
Lasolle H, Ilie MD & & Raverot G 2020 Aggressive prolactinomas: how to manage? Pituitary 23 70–77. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-019-01000-7)
le Roux CW, Mulla A & & Meeran K 2001 Pituitary carcinoma as a cause of acromegaly. New England Journal of Medicine 345 1645–1646. (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200111293452216)
Lee W, Cheung AS & & Freilich R 2012 TSH-secreting pituitary carcinoma with intrathecal drop metastases. Clinical Endocrinology 76 604–606. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04288.x)
Lévesque H, Fréger P, Gancel A, Tayot J & & Courtois H 1991 Primary carcinoma of the pituitary gland with Cushing’s syndrome and metastases. Apropos of a case with review of the literature. Revue de Medecine Interne 12 209–212. (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(0583174-1)
Lim S, Shahinian H, Maya MM, Yong W & & Heaney AP 2006 Temozolomide: a novel treatment for pituitary carcinoma. Lancet. Oncology 7 518–520. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(0670728-8)
Lin AL, Jonsson P, Tabar V, Yang TJ, Cuaron J, Beal K, Cohen M, Postow M, Rosenblum M, Shia J, et al.2018 Marked response of a hypermutated ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma to ipilimumab and nivolumab. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 103 3925–3930. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01347)
Lin AL, Tabar V, Young RJ, Cohen M, Cuaron J, Yang TJ, Rosenblum M, Rudneva VA, Geer EB & & Bodei L 2021 Synergism of checkpoint inhibitors and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in the treatment of pituitary carcinoma. Journal of the Endocrine Society 5 bvab133. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab133)
Long MA & & Colquhoun IR 1994 Case report: multiple intra-cranial metastases from a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour. Clinical Radiology 49 356–358. (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(0581807-0)
Lormeau B, Miossec P, Sibony M, Valensi P & & Attali JR 1997 Adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary carcinoma with liver metastasis. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 20 230–236. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346909)
Losa M, Mazza E, Terreni MR, McCormack A, Gill AJ, Motta M, Cangi MG, Talarico A, Mortini P & & Reni M 2010 Salvage therapy with temozolomide in patients with aggressive or metastatic pituitary adenomas: experience in six cases. European Journal of Endocrinology 163 843–851. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0629)
Luzi P, Miracco C, Lio R, Malandrini A, Piovani S, Giovanni Venezia S & & Tosi P 1987 Endocrine inactive pituitary carcinoma metastasizing to cervical lymph nodes: a case report. Human Pathology 18 90–92. (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(8780200-9)
Maiter D & & Delgrange E 2014 Therapy of endocrine disease: the challenges in managing giant prolactinomas. European Journal of Endocrinology 170 R213–R227. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14-0013)
Majd N, Waguespack SG, Janku F, Fu S, Penas-Prado M, Xu M, Alshawa A, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Raza SM, McCutcheon IE, et al.2020 Efficacy of pembrolizumab in patients with pituitary carcinoma: report of four cases from a phase II study. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 8 e001532. (https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-001532)
Manahan MA, Dackiw APB, Ball DW & & Zeiger MA 2007 Unusual case of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. Endocrine Practice 13 72–76. (https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.13.1.72)
Martin NA, Hales M & & Wilson CB 1981 Cerebellar metastasis from a prolactinoma during treatment with bromocriptine. Journal of Neurosurgery 55 615–619. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1981.55.4.0615)
Masuda T, Akasaka Y, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Isshiki I, Imafuku T, Ogihara T, Miyazaki H & & Asuwa N 1999 An ACTH-producing pituitary carcinoma developing Cushing’s disease. Pathology, Research and Practice 195 183–187. (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0344-0338(9980032-6)
McCormack A, Dekkers OM, Petersenn S, Popovic V, Trouillas J, Raverot G, Burman P & ESE survey collaborators 2018 Treatment of aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas: results of a European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) survey 2016. European Journal of Endocrinology 178 265–276. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0933)
McCormack AI, McDonald KL, Gill AJ, Clark SJ, Burt MG, Campbell KA, Braund WJ, Little NS, Cook RJ, Grossman AB, et al.2009 Low O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression and response to temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumours. Clinical Endocrinology 71 226–233. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03487.x)
Melmed S, Kaiser UB, Lopes MB, Bertherat J, Syro LV, Raverot G, Reincke M, Johannsson G, Beckers A, Fleseriu M, et al.2022 Clinical biology of the pituitary adenoma. Endocrine Reviews 43 1003–1037. (https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnac010)
Mendola M, Passeri E, Ambrosi B & & Corbetta S 2014 Multiple cerebral hemorrhagic foci from metastases during temozolomide treatment in a patient with corticotroph pituitary carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99 2623–2624. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1183)
Mixson AJ, Friedman TC, Katz DA, Feuerstein IM, Taubenberger JK, Colandrea JM, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH & & Weintraub BD 1993 Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76 529–533. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.76.2.8432799)
Mohammed S, Kovacs K, Mason W, Smyth H & & Cusimano MD 2009 Use of temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumors: case report. Neurosurgery 64 64 E773–E 774. (https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000339115.12803.4E)
Moore TJ, Dluhy RG, Williams GH & & Cain JP 1976 Nelson’s syndrome: frequency, prognosis, and effect of prior pituitary irradiation. Annals of Internal Medicine 85 731–734. (https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-85-6-731)
Morokuma H, Ando T, Hayashida T, Horie I, Inoshita N, Murata F, Ueki I, Nakamura K, Imaizumi M, Usa T, et al.2012 A case of nonfunctioning pituitary carcinoma that responded to temozolomide treatment. Case Reports in Endocrinology 2012 645914. (https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/645914)
Moscote-Salazar LR, Satyarthee GD, Calderon-Miranda WG, Matus JA, Pacheco-Hernandez A, Puac-Polanco PC & & Agrawal A 2018 Prolactin secreting pituitary carcinoma with extracranial spread presenting with pathological fracture of femur. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 9 170–173. (https://doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_325_17)
Mountcastle RB, Roof BS, Mayfield RK, Mordes DB, Sagel J, Biggs PJ & & Rawe SE 1989 Pituitary adenocarcinoma in an acromegalic patient: response to bromocriptine and pituitary testing: a review of the literature on 36 cases of pituitary carcinoma. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 298 109–118. (https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-198908000-00007)
Muhr C, Bergström M, Lundberg PO, Hartman M, Bergström K, Pellettieri L & & Långström B 1988 Malignant prolactinoma with multiple intracranial metastases studied with positron emission tomography. Neurosurgery 22 374–379. (https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198802000-00017)
Murakami M, Mizutani A, Asano S, Katakami H, Ozawa Y, Yamazaki K, Ishida Y, Takano K, Okinaga H & & Matsuno A 2011 A mechanism of acquiring temozolomide resistance during transformation of atypical prolactinoma into prolactin-producing pituitary carcinoma: case report. Neurosurgery 68 E1761–E1767. (https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e318217161a)
Myles ST, Johns RD & & Curry B 1984 Clinicopathological conference. Carcinoma of the pituitary gland with metastases to bone. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 11 310–317. (https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100045595)
Nakano-Tateno T, Satou M, Inoshita N, van Landeghem FKH, Easaw J, Mehta V, Tateno T & & Chik CL 2021 Effects of CAPTEM (capecitabine and temozolomide) on a corticotroph carcinoma and an aggressive corticotroph tumor. Endocrine Pathology 32 418–426. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-020-09647-w)
Nawata H, Higuchi K, Ikuyama S, Kato K, Ibayashi H, Mimura K, Sueishi K, Zingami H & & Imura H 1990 Corticotropin-releasing hormone- and adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary carcinoma with metastases to the liver and lung in a patient with Cushing’s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 71 1068–1073. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-71-4-1068)
Negron-Soto JM, Kilpatrick M, Irani N & & Castillo M 2004 Case of the season: metastatic pituitary carcinoma mimicking meningioma. Seminars in Roentgenology 39 519–521. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ro.2004.06.004)
Newton TH, Burhenne HJ & & Palubinskas AJ 1962 Primary carcinoma of the pituitary. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine 87 110–120.
Noda M, Suzuki R, Moriya M, Itokawa H, Asai J, Nagashima G & & Fujimoto T 2004 A case of prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinoma and its histological findings. Brain Tumor Pathology 21 149–154. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482191)
Nose-Alberti V, Mesquita MIS, Martin LC & & Kayath MJ 1998 Adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary carcinoma with expression of c-erbB-2 and high PCNA index: a comparative study with pituitary adenomas and normal pituitary tissues. Endocrine Pathology 9 53–62. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02739952)
Novruzov F, Aliyev JA, Jaunmuktane Z, Bomanji JB & & Kayani I 2015 The use of (68)Ga DOTATATE PET/CT for diagnostic assessment and monitoring of (177)Lu DOTATATE therapy in pituitary carcinoma. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 40 47–49. (https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000000589)
O’Brien DP, Phillips JP, Rawluk DR & & Farrell MA 1995 Intracranial metastases from pituitary adenoma. British Journal of Neurosurgery 9 211–218. (https://doi.org/10.1080/02688699550041584)
Ogilvy KM & & Jakubowski J 1973 Intracranial dissemination of pituitary adenomas. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 36 199–205. (https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.36.2.199)
Ono M, Miki N, Amano K, Hayashi M, Kawamata T, Seki T, Takano K, Katagiri S, Yamamoto M, Nishikawa T, et al.2011 A case of corticotroph carcinoma that caused multiple cranial nerve palsies, destructive petrosal bone invasion, and liver metastasis. Endocrine Pathology 22 10–17. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-010-9144-5)
Ortiz LD, Syro LV, Scheithauer BW, Ersen A, Uribe H, Fadul CE, Rotondo F, Horvath E & & Kovacs K 2012 Anti-VEGF therapy in pituitary carcinoma. Pituitary 15 445–449. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0346-8)
Osamura RY, Lopes MBS, Grossman A, Kontogeorgos G & & Trouillas J 2017a Introduction; chapter 1 tumors of the pituitary gland. In WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs, pp 13. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
Osamura RY, Grossman A, Korbonits M, Kovacs K, Lopes MBS, Matsuno A & & Trouillas J 2017b Chapter 1: tumors of the pituitary gland, pituitary adenoma. In WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs, pp 14–18. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
Papotti M, Limone P, Riva C, Gatti G & & Bussolati G 1984 Malignant evolution of an ACTH-producing pituitary tumor treated with intrasellar implantation of 90Y. Case report and review of the literature. Applied Pathology 2 10–21.
Park KS, Hwang JH, Hwang SK, Kim S & & Park SH 2014 Pituitary carcinoma with fourth ventricle metastasis: treatment by excision and Gamma-knife radiosurgery. Pituitary 17 514–518. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-013-0537-6)
Pasquel FJ, Vincentelli C, Brat DJ, Oyesiku NM & & Ioachimescu AG 2013 Pituitary carcinoma in situ. Endocrine Practice 19 e69–e73. (https://doi.org/10.4158/EP12351.CR)
Petrossians P, de Herder W, Kwekkeboom D, Lamberigts G, Stevenaert A & & Beckers A 2000 Malignant prolactinoma discovered by D2 receptor imaging. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 398–401. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.1.6253)
Philippon M, Morange I, Barrie M, Barlier A, Taieb D, Dufour H, Conte-Devolx B, Brue T & & Castinetti F 2012 Long-term control of a MEN1 prolactin secreting pituitary carcinoma after temozolomide treatment. Annales d’Endocrinologie 73 225–229. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2012.03.001)
Phillips J, East HE, French SE, Melcescu E, Hamilton RD, Nicholas WC, Fratkin JF, Parent AD, Luzardo G & & Koch CA 2012 What causes a prolactinoma to be aggressive or to become a pituitary carcinoma? Hormones (Athens, Greece) 11 477–482. (https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1380)
Pichard C, Gerber S, Laloi M, Kujas M, Clemenceau S, Ponvert D, Bruckert E & & Turpin G 2002 Pituitary carcinoma: report of an exceptional case and review of the literature. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 25 65–72. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343963)
Pinchot SN, Sippel R & & Chen H 2009 ACTH-producing carcinoma of the pituitary with refractory Cushing’s disease and hepatic metastases: a case report and review of the literature. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 7 39. (https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-7-39)
Plangger CA, Twerdy K, Grunert V & & Weiser G 1985 Subarachnoid metastases from a prolactinoma. Neurochirurgia 28 235–237. (https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1054208)
Popadić A, Witzmann A, Buchfelder M, Eiter H & & Komminoth P 1999 Malignant prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature. Surgical Neurology 51 47–55. (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(9700458-8)
Popovic EA, Vattuone JR, Siu KH, Busmanis I, Pullar MJ & & Dowling J 1991 Malignant prolactinomas. Neurosurgery 29 127–130. (https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199107000-00023)
Raverot G, Burman P, McCormack A, Heaney A, Petersenn S, Popovic V, Trouillas J, Dekkers OM & European Society of Endocrinology 2018 European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas. European Journal of Endocrinology 178 G1–G24. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0796)
Raverot G, Ilie MD, Lasolle H, Amodru V, Trouillas J, Castinetti F & & Brue T 2021 Aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 17 671–684. (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00550-w)
Raverot G, Sturm N, de Fraipont F, Muller M, Salenave S, Caron P, Chabre O, Chanson P, Cortet-Rudelli C, Assaker R, et al.2010 Temozolomide treatment in aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas: a French multicenter experience. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95 4592–4599. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0644)
Reincke M, Albani A, Assie G, Bancos I, Brue T, Buchfelder M, Chabre O, Ceccato F, Daniele A, Detomas M, et al.2021 Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy (Nelson’s syndrome): systematic review and expert consensus recommendations. European Journal of Endocrinology P16 184. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-1088)
Ricoy J, Carrillo R, García J & & Bravo G 1974 Dissemination of pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochirurgica 31 123–130. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01432788)
Rockwell BH, Pica R, Raji MR, Dastur KJ, Altschuler EM & & Johnston JM 1996 Intrathecal metastatic pituitary prolactinoma. American Journal of Roentgenology 167 1295–1296. (https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.167.5.8911199)
Roncaroli F, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV, Matsuno A & & Righi A 2017 Chapter 1: Tumors of the Pituitary Gland, Pituitary carcinoma. In WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. Lyon: IARC Press, pp. 42–45.
Roncaroli F, Nosé V, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Young WF, Lloyd RV, Bishop MC, Hsi B & & Fletcher JA 2003 Gonadotropic pituitary carcinoma: HER-2/neu expression and gene amplification. Report of two cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 99 402–408. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.2.0402)
Rotman LE, Vaughan TB, Hackney JR & & Riley KO 2019 Long-term survival after transformation of an adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma to a silent corticotroph pituitary carcinoma. World Neurosurgery 122 417–423. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.011)
Saeger W, Mawrin C, Meinhardt M, Wefers AK & & Jacobsen F 2022 Two pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) with very high proliferation and TP53 mutation — high-grade PitNET or PitNEC? Endocrine Pathology 33 257–262. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-021-09693-y)
Sakamoto T, Itoh Y, Fushimi S, Kowada M & & Saito M 1990 Primary pituitary carcinoma with spinal cord metastasis--case report. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 30 763–767. (https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.30.763)
Salassa RM, Kearns TP, Kernohan JW, Sprague RG & & Maccarty CS 1959 Pituitary tumors in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 19 1523–1539. (https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-19-12-1523)
Santos-Pinheiro F, Penas-Prado M, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Waguespack SG, Mahajan A, Brown PD, Shah KB, Fuller GN & & McCutcheon IE 2019 Treatment and long-term outcomes in pituitary carcinoma: a cohort study. European Journal of Endocrinology 181 397–407. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-18-0795)
Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV, Stefaneanu L, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, von Werder K & & Lyons DF 1999 Prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma and carcinoma with neuronal components--a metaplastic lesion. Pituitary 1 197–205. (https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009913303109)
Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Nose V, Lombardero M, Osamura YR, Lloyd RV, Horvath E, Pagenstecher A, Bohl JE & & Tews DS 2009 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated thyrotropin-producing pituitary carcinoma: report of a probable de novo example. Human Pathology 40 270–278. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2008.06.013)
Scheithauer BW, Randall RV, Laws ER, Kovacs KT, Horvath E & & Whitaker MD 1985 Prolactin cell carcinoma of the pituitary. Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of a case with cranial and extracranial metastases. Cancer 55 598–604. (https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19850201)55:3<598::aid-cncr2820550320>3.0.co;2-s)
Seltzer J, Carmichael JD, Commins D, Liu CS, Omura E, Chang E & & Zada G 2016 Prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinoma with dural metastasis: diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. World Neurosurgery 91 676.e23–676.e28. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.112)
Shastri BR, Nanda A, Fowler M & & Levine SN 2013 Adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary carcinoma with intracranial metastases. World Neurosurgery 79 404.e11–404.e16. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2011.04.018)
Sheldon WH, Golden A & & Bondy PK 1954 Cushing’s syndrome produced by a poultry basophil carcinoma with hepatic metastases. American Journal of Medicine 17 134–142. (https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(5490214-4)
Sinclair G, Olsson M, Benmakhlouf H, Al-Saffar Y, Johnstone P, Hatiboglu MA & & Shamikh A 2019 Pituitary carcinomas: rare and challenging. Surgical Neurology International 10 161. (https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_112_2019)
Sironi M, Cenacchi G, Cozzi L, Tonnarelli G, Iacobellis M, Treré D & & Assi A 2002 Progression on metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma from a recurrent prolactinoma: a case report. Journal of Clinical Pathology 55 148–151. (https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.55.2.148)
Sivan M 2005 Metastases from nonfunctioning pituitary carcinomas. Neurosurgical Focus 19 E11. (https://doi.org/10.3171/foc.2005.19.3.12)
Sol B, de Filette JMK, Awada G, Raeymaeckers S, Aspeslagh S, Andreescu CE, Neyns B & & Velkeniers B 2021 Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma: a new emerging treatment? European Journal of Endocrinology 184 K1–K5. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-0151)
Solitare GB & & Jatlow P 1967 Adenohypophysial carcinoma. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 26 624–632. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1967.26.6.0624)
Soon WC, Czyz M & & Dhir J 2020 Metastatic pituitary carcinoma causing cord compression. World Neurosurgery 139 266–267. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.154)
Sreenan S, Sengupta E, Tormey W & & Landau R 2012 Metastatic pituitary carcinoma in a patient with acromegaly: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports 6 322. (https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-6-322)
Stewart PM, Carey MP, Graham CT, Wright AD & & London DR 1992 Growth hormone secreting pituitary carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Clinical Endocrinology 37 189–194. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02306.x)
Suzuki K, Morii K, Nakamura J, Kaneko S, Ukisu J, Hanyu O, Nakagawa O & & Aizawa Y 2002 Adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary carcinoma with metastasis to the liver in a patient with Cushing’s disease. Endocrine Journal 49 153–158. (https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.49.153)
Takeshita A, Inoshita N, Taguchi M, Okuda C, Fukuhara N, Oyama K, Ohashi K, Sano T, Takeuchi Y & & Yamada S 2009 High incidence of low O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase expression in invasive macroadenomas of Cushing’s disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 161 553–559. (https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-09-0414)
Takeuchi K, Hagiwara Y, Kanaya K, Wada K, Shiba M & & Kato Y 2014 Drop metastasis of adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary carcinoma to the cauda equina. Asian Spine Journal 8 680–683. (https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2014.8.5.680)
Taylor WA, Uttley D & & Wilkins PR 1994 Multiple dural metastases from a pituitary adenoma. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 81 624–626. (https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.4.0624)
Tena-Suck ML, Salinas-Lara C, Sánchez-García A, Rembao-Bojórquez D & & Ortiz-Plata A 2006 Late development of intraventricular papillary pituitary carcinoma after irradiation of prolactinoma. Surgical Neurology 66 527–533. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2006.02.039)
Thapar K, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E, Pernicone PJ, Murray D & & Laws ER 1996 Proliferative activity and invasiveness among pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: an analysis using the MIB-1 antibody. Neurosurgery 38 99–106. (https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199601000-00024)
Thearle MS, Freda PU, Bruce JN, Isaacson SR, Lee Y & & Fine RL 2011 Temozolomide (Temodar®) and capecitabine (Xeloda®) treatment of an aggressive corticotroph pituitary tumor. Pituitary 14 418–424. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-009-0211-1)
Todeschini AB, Beer-Furlan A, Montaser AS, Jamshidi AO, Ghalib L, Chavez JA, Lehman NL & & Prevedello DM 2020 Pituitary carcinomas: review of the current literature and report of atypical case. British Journal of Neurosurgery 34 528–533. (https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2019.1582750)
Tonner D, Belding P, Moore SA & & Schlechte JA 1992 Intracranial dissemination of an ACTH secreting pituitary neoplasm--a case report and review of the literature. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 15 387–391. (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348759)
Touma W, Hoostal S, Peterson RA, Wiernik A, SantaCruz KS & & Lou E 2017 Successful treatment of pituitary carcinoma with concurrent radiation, temozolomide, and bevacizumab after resection. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 41 75–77. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.02.052)
Trouillas J, Delgrange E, Wierinckx A, Vasiljevic A, Jouanneau E, Burman P & & Raverot G 2019 Clinical, pathological, and molecular factors of aggressiveness in lactotroph tumours. Neuroendocrinology 109 70–76. (https://doi.org/10.1159/000499382)
Trouillas J, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Vasiljevic A, Raverot G, Roncaroli F & & Villa C 2020 How to classify pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET)s in 2020. Cancers 12 514. (https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020514)
Trouillas J, Roy P, Sturm N, Dantony E, Cortet-Rudelli C, Viennet G, Bonneville JF, Assaker R, Auger C, Brue T, et al.2013 A new prognostic clinicopathological classification of pituitary adenomas: a multicentric case–control study of 410 patients with 8 years post-operative follow-up. Acta Neuropathologica 126 123–135. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1084-y)
Tufton N, Roncaroli F, Hadjidemetriou I, Dang MN, Dénes J, Guasti L, Thom M, Powell M, Baldeweg SE, Fersht N, et al.2017 Pituitary carcinoma in a patient with an SDHB mutation. Endocrine Pathology 28 320–325. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-017-9474-7)
Tuleasca C, Messerer M, Levivier M & & Daniel RT 2018 Combined modalities of surgery, radiotherapy, radiosurgery and chemotherapy for invasive pituitary carcinoma. Annales d’Endocrinologie 79 82–85. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2017.01.003)
Tysome J, Gnanalingham KK, Chopra I & & Mendoza N 2004 Intradural metastatic spinal cord compression from ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma. Acta Neurochirurgica 146 1251–1254. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-004-0350-0)
U HS & & Johnson C 1984 Metastatic prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. Human Pathology 15 94–96. (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(8480339-1)
Uzilov AV, Taik P, Cheesman KC, Javanmard P, Ying K, Roehnelt A, Wang H, Fink MY, Lau CY, Moe AS, et al.2021 USP8 and TP53 drivers are associated with CNV in a corticotroph adenoma cohort enriched for aggressive tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 106 826–842. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa853)
van der Klaauw AA, Kienitz T, Strasburger CJ, Smit JWA & & Romijn JA 2009 Malignant pituitary corticotroph adenomas: report of two cases and a comprehensive review of the literature. Pituitary 12 57–69. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-007-0080-4)
van der Vlist A, Snijders TJ, Stades AME, Spliet WGM & & De Vos FYFL 2017 Successful treatment of leptomeningeally metastasised pituitary carcinoma with temozolomide. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 75 451–454.
Vaquero J, Herrero J & & Cincu R 2003 Late development of frontal prolactinoma after resection of pituitary tumor. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 64 255–258. (https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025672617249)
Vieira Neto L, Chimelli L, Pereira PJda M, Gasparetto EL, Bines J, Wildemberg LEA & & Gadelha MR 2013 The role of temozolomide in the treatment of a patient with a pure silent pituitary somatotroph carcinoma. Endocrine Practice 19 e145–e149. (https://doi.org/10.4158/EP12400.CR)
Walker JD, Grossman A, Anderson JV, Ur E, Trainer PJ, Benn J, Lowy C, Sönksen PH, Plowman PN & & Lowe DG 1993 Malignant prolactinoma with extracranial metastases: a report of three cases. Clinical Endocrinology 38 411–419. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00523.x)
Wang H, Liang J, Yong WH & & Sullivan P 2017 Metastatic pituitary carcinoma to cervical lymph node: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration and review of the literature. Acta Cytologica 61 242–246. (https://doi.org/10.1159/000467384)
Wang YQ, Fan T, Zhao XG, Liang C, Qi XL & & Li JY 2015 Pituitary carcinoma with intraspinal metastasis: report of two cases and review of the literature. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 8 9712–9717.
Wei Z, Zhou C, Liu M, Yao Y, Sun J, Xiao J, Ma W, Zhu H & & Wang R 2015 MicroRNA involvement in a metastatic non-functioning pituitary carcinoma. Pituitary 18 710–721. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-015-0648-3)
Whitelaw BC 2019 How and when to use temozolomide to treat aggressive pituitary tumours. Endocrine-Related Cancer 26 R545–R552. (https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0083)
Xu L, Khaddour K, Chen J, Rich KM, Perrin RJ & & Campian JL 2020 Pituitary carcinoma: two case reports and review of literature. World Journal of Clinical Oncology 11 91–102. (https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v11.i2.91)
Yakoushina TV, Lavi E & & Hoda RS 2010 Pituitary carcinoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration: report of a case and review of pathogenesis. CytoJournal 7 14. (https://doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.67108)
Yamashita H, Nakagawa K, Tago M, Nakamura N, Shiraishi K, Yamauchi N & & Ohtomo K 2005 Pathological changes after radiotherapy for primary pituitary carcinoma: a case report. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 75 209–214. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-005-2887-z)
Yamashita S, Izumi M & & Nagataki S 1992 Acromegaly and pituitary carcinoma. Annals of Internal Medicine 117 1057–1058. (https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-117-12-1057)
Yoo F, Kuan EC, Heaney AP, Bergsneider M & & Wang MB 2018 Corticotrophic pituitary carcinoma with cervical metastases: case series and literature review. Pituitary 21 290–301. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-018-0872-8)
Zafar MS, Mellinger RC & & Chason JL 1984 Cushing’s disease due to pituitary carcinoma. Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal 32 61–66.
Zahedi A, Booth GL, Smyth HS, Farrell WE, Clayton RN, Asa SL & & Ezzat S 2001 Distinct clonal composition of primary and metastatic adrencorticotrophic hormone-producing pituitary carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 55 549–556. (https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01322.x)
Zemmoura I, Wierinckx A, Vasiljevic A, Jan M, Trouillas J & & François P 2013 Aggressive and malignant prolactin pituitary tumors: pathological diagnosis and patient management. Pituitary 16 515–522. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-012-0448-y)
Zhou Q, Chang H, Gao Y & & Cui L 2013 Tumor-to-tumor metastasis from pituitary carcinoma to radiation-induced meningioma. Neuropathology 33 209–212. (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2012.01343.x)
Zilio M, Barbot M, Ceccato F, Camozzi V, Bilora F, Casonato A, Frigo AC, Albiger N, Daidone V, Mazzai L, et al.2014 Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s disease: gender-related differences. Clinical Endocrinology 80 403–410. (https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12299)
Online ISSN: 1479-6821
Print ISSN: 1351-0088
CONTACT US
Bioscientifica Ltd | Starling House | 1600 Bristol Parkway North | Bristol BS34 8YU | UK
Bioscientifica Ltd | Registered in England no 3190519