The chemotherapy regimen capecitabine/temozolomide (CAPTEM) is routinely used in neuroendocrine tumors (NET), with antitumor activity particularly demonstrated in pancreatic or high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). However, different dosing regimens are used, and the optimal schedule remains to be defined. This single-center retrospective analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of CAPTEM in patients with NEN using a schedule starting both compounds simultaneously (temozolomide on days 1–5 and capecitabine on days 1–14 of a 28-day cycle) rather than sequentially. The primary parameters of interest were response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicities following this treatment regimen, hereinafter referred to as TEMCAP. The study population comprised 40 patients, half of whom (n = 20) had pancreatic NEN, and 9 patients (22.5%) had pulmonary or thymic NETs. The most common histology was NET G3 (n = 15, 37.5%), and 8 patients (20.0%) had a neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Most patients (77.5%) had at least one prior systemic therapy, and 16 patients (40.0%) prior chemotherapy. The median number of TEMCAP cycles was 6 (range 1–16). Median PFS for the highly heterogeneous population was 13.3 months, while the median overall survival was 31.9 months. In total, 14/36 patients (38.9%) exhibited a partial response, and the disease control rate was 75.0%. The safety profile of TEMCAP (at a below-target mean temozolomide dose of 118.85 mg/m2) in our cohort was remarkably good with no toxicities of grade 3 or 4. Taken together, the results of this analysis further support the use of temozolomide/capecitabine in NEN and prompt further assessment of our modified TEMCAP schedule.
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