Browse

You are looking at 91 - 100 of 2,623 items for

  • Refine by access: All content x
Clear All
Jared S Rosenblum Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States

Search for other papers by Jared S Rosenblum in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Herui Wang Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States

Search for other papers by Herui Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Matthew A Nazari Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States

Search for other papers by Matthew A Nazari in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Zhengping Zhuang Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States

Search for other papers by Zhengping Zhuang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Karel Pacak Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States

Search for other papers by Karel Pacak in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

This article is a summary of the plenary lecture presented by Jared Rosenblum that was awarded the Manger Prize at the Sixth International Symposium on Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma held on 19–22 October 2022 in Prague, Czech Republic. Herein, we review our initial identification of a new syndrome of multiple paragangliomas, somatostatinomas, and polycythemia caused by early postzygotic mosaic mutations in EPAS1, encoding hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2α), and our continued exploration of new disease phenotypes in this syndrome, including vascular malformations and neural tube defects. Continued recruitment and close monitoring of patients with this syndrome as well as the generation and study of a corresponding disease mouse model as afforded by the pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma translational program at the National Institutes of Health has provided new insights into the natural history of these developmental anomalies and the pathophysiologic role of HIF-2α. Further, these studies have highlighted the importance of the timing of genetic defects in the development of related disease phenotypes. The recent discovery and continued study of this syndrome has not only rapidly evolved our understanding of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma but also deepened our understanding of other developmental tumor syndromes, heritable syndromes, and sporadic diseases.

Free access
Xuan Chen Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Xuan Chen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Sixuan Liu Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Sixuan Liu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Xue Peng Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Xue Peng in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Xiangyun Zong Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Xiangyun Zong in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced and secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles, and its main role is to inhibit the recruitment of primordial follicles, reduce the sensitivity of follicles to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and regulate FSH-dependent preantral follicle growth. It has become an effective indicator of ovarian reserve in clinical practice. Research on AMH and its receptors in recent years has led to a better understanding of its role in breast cancer. AMH specifically binds to anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) to activate downstream pathways and regulate gene transcription. Since AMHRII is expressed in breast cancer cells and triggers apoptosis, AMH/AMHRII may play an important role in the occurrence, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer, which needs further research. The AMH level is a potent predictor of ovarian function after chemotherapy in premenopausal breast cancer patients older than 35 years, either for ovarian function injury or ovarian function recovery. Moreover, AMHRII has the potential to be a new marker for the molecular typing of breast cancer and a new target for breast cancer treatment, which may be a link in the downstream pathway after TP53 mutation.

Open access
Jiajun Wu Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Jiajun Wu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Juyong Liang Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Juyong Liang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Ruiqi Liu Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China

Search for other papers by Ruiqi Liu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Tian Lv Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Tian Lv in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Kangyin Fu Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Kangyin Fu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Liehao Jiang Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Liehao Jiang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Wenli Ma Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Wenli Ma in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Yan Pan Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Yan Pan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Zhuo Tan Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Zhuo Tan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Qing Liu Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Bijie Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou, China

Search for other papers by Qing Liu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Weihua Qiu Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Weihua Qiu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Minghua Ge Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Search for other papers by Minghua Ge in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Jiafeng Wang Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Bijie Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou, China

Search for other papers by Jiafeng Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Anlotinib-mediated angiogenic remodeling was delineated in various tumors. Meanwhile, we previously showed that anlotinib inhibited tumor angiogenesis in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). However, the potential role of anlotinib on cell lethality in ATC remains an enigma. Herein, we found that anlotinib inhibited the viability, proliferation, and migration of KHM-5M, C643, and 8505C cells in a dose-dependently manner. Under anlotinib treatment, PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis) markers were not changed; however, ferroptosis targets (transferrin, HO-1, FTH1, FTL, and GPX4) were significantly downregulated. ROS levels also increased in a concentration-dependent manner after anlotinib treatment in KHM-5M, C643, and 8505C cells. In addition, protective autophagy was activated in response to anlotinib, and autophagic blockade potentiated anlotinib-mediated ferroptosis and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Our new discovery identified autophagy-ferroptosis signaling pathway which provides mechanistic insight into anlotinib-mediated cell death, and synergistic combination therapy may help develop new ATC treatment strategies.

Open access
Teresa Ramone Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Teresa Ramone in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Cristina Romei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Cristina Romei in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Raffaele Ciampi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Raffaele Ciampi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Roberta Casalini Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Roberta Casalini in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Angelo Valetto Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Cytogenetics, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Angelo Valetto in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Veronica Bertini Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Cytogenetics, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Veronica Bertini in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Francesco Raimondi Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Francesco Raimondi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Anthony Onoja Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Anthony Onoja in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Alessandro Prete Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Alessandro Prete in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Antonio Matrone Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Antonio Matrone in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Carla Gambale Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Carla Gambale in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Paolo Piaggi Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Paolo Piaggi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Liborio Torregrossa Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Unit of Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Liborio Torregrossa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Clara Ugolini Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Unit of Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Clara Ugolini in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Search for other papers by Rossella Elisei in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) involving either a whole chromosome or just one of the arms, or even smaller parts, have been described in about 88% of human tumors. This study investigated the SCNA profile in 40 well-characterized sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization array. We found that 26/40 (65%) cases had at least one SCNA. The prevalence of SCNA, and in particular of chromosome 3 and 10, was significantly higher in cases with a RET somatic mutation. Similarly, SCNA of chromosomes 3, 9, 10 and 16 were more frequent in cases with a worse outcome and an advanced disease. By the pathway enrichment analysis, we found a mutually exclusive distribution of biological pathways in metastatic, biochemically persistent and cured patients. In particular, we found gain of regions involved in the intracellular signaling and loss of regions involved in DNA repair and TP53 pathways in the group of metastatic patients. Gain of regions involved in the cell cycle and senescence were observed in patients with biochemical disease. Finally, gain of regions associated with the immune system and loss of regions involved in the apoptosis pathway were observed in cured patients suggesting a role of specific SCNA and corresponding altered pathways in the outcome of sporadic MTC.

Restricted access
Elizabeth J de Koster Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Elizabeth J de Koster in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Willem E Corver Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Willem E Corver in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Wim J G Oyen Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy

Search for other papers by Wim J G Oyen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Dina Ruano Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Dina Ruano in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Abbey Schepers Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Abbey Schepers in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Marieke Snel Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Marieke Snel in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Tom van Wezel Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Tom van Wezel in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Dennis Vriens Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Dennis Vriens in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Hans Morreau Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

Search for other papers by Hans Morreau in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Whole chromosome instability with near-whole genome haploidization (GH) and subsequent endoreduplication is considered a main genomic driver in the tumorigenesis of oncocytic cell thyroid neoplasms (OCN). These copy number alterations (CNA) occur less frequently in oncocytic thyroid adenoma (OA) than in oncocytic carcinoma (OCA), suggesting a continuous process. The current study described the CNA patterns in a cohort of 30 benign and malignant OCN, observed using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel that assesses genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chromosomal imbalances using 1500 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across all autosomes and the X chromosome in DNA derived from cytological and histological samples. Observed CNA patterns were verified using multiparameter DNA flow cytometry with or without whole-genome SNP array analysis and lesser-allele intensity-ratio (LAIR) analysis. On CNA–LOH analysis using the NGS panel, GH-type CNA were observed in 4 of 11 (36%) OA and in 14 of 16 OCA (88%). Endoreduplication was suspected in 8 of 16 (50%) OCA, all with more extensive GH-type CNA (P < 0.001). Reciprocal chromosomal imbalance type CNA, characterized by (imbalanced) chromosomal copy number gains and associated with benign disease, were observed in 6 of 11 (55%) OA and one equivocal case of OCA. CNA patterns were different between the histopathological subgroups (P < 0.001). By applying the structured interpretation and considerations provided by the current study, CNA–LOH analysis using an NGS panel that is feasible for daily practice may be of great added value to the widespread application of molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis and risk stratification of OCN.

Open access
Zvi Laron Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

Search for other papers by Zvi Laron in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Search for other papers by Haim Werner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Many clinical and experimental studies have implicated the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) axis with the progression of cancer. The epidemiological finding that patients with Laron syndrome (LS), the best-characterized disease under the spectrum of congenital IGF-1 deficiencies, do not develop cancer is of major scientific and translational relevance. The evasion of LS patients from cancer emphasizes the central role of the GH–IGF-1 system in cancer biology. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in LS and that might provide a biological foundation for cancer protection, we have recently conducted genome-wide profiling of LS patients and normal controls. Analyses were performed on immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individual patients. Bioinformatic analyses identified a series of genes that are either over- or under-represented in LS. Differential expression was demonstrated in a number of gene families, including cell cycle, metabolic control, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT and PI3K-AKT signaling, etc. Major differences between LS and controls were also noticed in pathways associated with cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and autophagy. The identification of novel downstream targets of the GH–IGF-1 network highlights the biological complexity of this hormonal system and sheds light on previously unrecognized mechanistic aspects associated with GH–IGF-1 action in the cancer cell.

Free access
Nidhi Singh Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Search for other papers by Nidhi Singh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
Hannelore V Heemers Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Search for other papers by Hannelore V Heemers in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Prostate cancer (CaP) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in American men. Systemic treatments for metastatic CaP, which causes the majority of deaths, include androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy. These treatments induce remissions but do not cure CaP. Novel and functionally diverse therapeutic targets that control the cell biology that drives aggressive CaP progression are needed to overcome treatment resistance. Because signal transduction that mediates CaP cell behavior is tightly regulated by phosphorylation, kinases have attracted interest as alternative targets for CaP treatments. Here, we examine emerging evidence from recent NextGen sequencing and (phospho) proteomics analyses on clinical CaP specimens that were obtained during lethal disease progression to determine the role of deregulated kinase action in CaP growth, treatment resistance, and recurrence. We provide an overview of kinases that are impacted by gene amplification, gene deletion or somatic mutations during the progression from localized treatment-naïve CaP to metastatic castration-resistant CaP or neuroendocrine CaP, and the potential impact of such alterations on aggressive CaP behavior and treatment efficacy. Furthermore, we review knowledge on alterations in the phosphoproteome that occur during the progression to treatment-resistant CaP, the molecular mechanisms in the control of these changes, and the signal transduction associated with them. Finally, we discuss kinase inhibitors under evaluation in CaP clinical trials and the potential, challenges, and limitations to moving knowledge on the CaP kinome forward to new therapeutic strategies.

Free access
Krystallenia I Alexandraki Department of Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Search for other papers by Krystallenia I Alexandraki in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Gregory A Kaltsas Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Search for other papers by Gregory A Kaltsas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Search for other papers by Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) are rare relatively malignancies that, despite their frequently slow-growing pattern, have the ability to metastasize. Metastatic and/or advanced insulinomas and glucagonomas are functioning panNENs emerging from the pancreas displaying unique peculiarities, depending on their hormonal syndromes and increased malignant potential. Advanced insulinomas management follows usually the panNENs therapeutic algorithm, but some distinctions are well advised together with aiming to control hypoglycemias that occasionally can be severe and refractory to treatment. When first-generation somatostatin analogues (SSAs) fail to control hypoglycemia syndrome, second-generation SSAs and everolimus have to be considered for exploiting their hyperglycemic effect. There is evidence that everolimus is still effective after rechallenge retaining its hypoglycemic effect independently of its antitumor effect that seems to be mediated by different molecular pathways. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) constitutes a promising therapeutic option for both its antisecretory and antitumoral action. Similarly, advanced and/or metastatic glucagonomas management also follows the panNENs therapeutic algorithm, but the clinical syndrome has to be addressed by aminoacid infusion and by first-generation SSAs to improve the patient performance status. PRRT seems to be an effective treatment when surgery and SSAs fail. The application of these therapeutic modalities has been shown to be efficacious in controlling the manifestations of the secretory syndrome and prolonging the overall survival of patients suffering from these malignancies.

Free access
Reetobrata Basu Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA

Search for other papers by Reetobrata Basu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

Search for other papers by John J Kopchick in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Despite landmark advances in cancer treatments over the last 20 years, cancer remains the second highest cause of death worldwide, much ascribed to intrinsic and acquired resistance to the available therapeutic options. In this review, we address this impending issue, by focusing the spotlight on the rapidly emerging role of growth hormone action mediated by two intimately related tumoral growth factors – growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Here, we not only catalog the scientific evidences relating specifically to cancer therapy resistance inflicted by GH and IGF1 but also discuss the pitfalls, merits, outstanding questions and the future need of exploiting GH–IGF1 inhibition to tackle cancer treatment successfully.

Free access
Guo-Qiang Zhang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Guo-Qiang Zhang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Chuang Xi Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Chuang Xi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Chen-Tian Shen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Chen-Tian Shen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Hong-Jun Song Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Hong-Jun Song in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Quan-Yong Luo Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Quan-Yong Luo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Zhong-Ling Qiu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Zhong-Ling Qiu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Radioiodine treatment is a fundamental therapy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodine uptake is a prerequisite for the efficacy of radioiodine therapy. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-tumor cytokine, but its regulation of NIS expression in PTC has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that IL-6 enhanced the proliferation ability of PTC cells. Moreover, the negative association between IL-6 and NIS expression in thyroid cancer tissues was demonstrated. IL-6 downregulated thyroid-specific genes such as NIS, thyroid peroxidase, and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and thyroid-specific transcription factors including thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and paired box protein-8 (PAX-8). The inhibitory effects of IL-6 on NIS expression were alleviated by mitogen-activated protein kinase and Janus kinase inhibitors. Depletion of c-Jun or STAT3 also rescued IL-6-induced NIS downregulation, with STAT3 depletion exerting a stronger effect. TTF-1 protein expression was also restored by depleting c-Jun or STAT3. STAT3 depletion, but not c-Jun depletion, alleviated the inhibitory effect of IL-6 on PAX-8 expression. Moreover, the downregulation of NIS by IL-6 was rescued by overexpressing TTF-1 and PAX-8. Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor blocker, did not have any cytostatic activity in PTC cells, and it also failed to induce redifferentiation in vitro. However, we found that the drug blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-6 on NIS expression. In summary, IL-6 inhibits NIS transcription in PTC cells by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase and Janus kinase signaling.

Restricted access