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. 1988 , Reddi 1997 , Wozney 2002 ); currently, they are well known to play critical roles in diverse developmental phases ( Hogan 1996 a , Zhao 2003 ). These kinds of powerful developmental pathways are frequently disrupted in cancer ( Kelleher et al
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Obesity and breast cancer Over 40 000 women in the USA die each year of metastatic breast cancer, for which there are currently no permanent cures. In fact, about one-half of women with metastatic disease who undergo therapeutic
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Introduction Drugs that function by inhibiting ERα signaling have been and will continue to be an important part of pharmacotherapy in breast cancer. Foremost among these therapies are selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs
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Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Introduction The complex molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer from organ-confined tumor to metastatic disease are largely unknown. Identification of the molecular changes associated with the metastasis process of
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Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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Introduction Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of four clinically relevant categories based on the expression patterns of estrogen receptor α (ERα; ESR1 ) and V-Erb-B2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 ( HER2
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Introduction Prostate cancer represents a global public health problem. Worldwide, it is the second most common noncutaneous cancer in men, accounting for ∼10% of male cancers ( Parkin et al . 2005 ). Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of
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notably prostate cancer. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of male cancer death in most western countries, including the United States ( Denmeade & Isaacs 2002 , Jemal et al. 2006
Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Nutrition, CB 7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Nutrition, CB 7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Introduction Cancer is predicted to overtake heart disease as the leading cause of death across all age groups in the U.S. by 2030, translating to a 45% increase in the number of cancer diagnoses in the next 15 years ( American Society of Clinical
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Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Introduction Cancer is a major public health issue in developed countries, with the presence of metastases being the most critical factor related to mortality ( Uemura et al . 2016 ). In this context, endocrine organ metastases usually occur
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor in women worldwide, significantly affecting the quality of life and threatening the health of women ( Giaquinto et al. 2022 ). Multiple meta-analyses have shown that the risk