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Emma-Leena Alarmo Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland

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Anne Kallioniemi Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland

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. 1988 , Reddi 1997 , Wozney 2002 ); currently, they are well known to play critical roles in diverse developmental phases ( Hogan 1996 a , Zhao 2003 ). These kinds of powerful developmental pathways are frequently disrupted in cancer ( Kelleher et al

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A M Lorincz
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S Sukumar
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Obesity and breast cancer Over 40 000 women in the USA die each year of metastatic breast cancer, for which there are currently no permanent cures. In fact, about one-half of women with metastatic disease who undergo therapeutic

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R A Stein Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA

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D P McDonnell Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA

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Introduction Drugs that function by inhibiting ERα signaling have been and will continue to be an important part of pharmacotherapy in breast cancer. Foremost among these therapies are selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs

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Lei Gu Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Paraskevi Vogiatzi Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Martin Puhr Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Ayush Dagvadorj Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jacqueline Lutz Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Amy Ryder Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sankar Addya Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Paolo Fortina Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Carlton Cooper Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Benjamin Leiby Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Abhijit Dasgupta Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Terry Hyslop Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Lukas Bubendorf Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Kalle Alanen Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Tuomas Mirtti Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Marja T Nevalainen Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Cancer Biology, Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Biological Sciences, Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Pathology, Pathology, Urology, Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction The complex molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer from organ-confined tumor to metastatic disease are largely unknown. Identification of the molecular changes associated with the metastasis process of

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Sarah A Dabydeen Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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Priscilla A Furth Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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Introduction Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of four clinically relevant categories based on the expression patterns of estrogen receptor α (ERα; ESR1 ) and V-Erb-B2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 ( HER2

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T M Murphy Prostate Cancer Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

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A S Perry Prostate Cancer Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

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M Lawler Prostate Cancer Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

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Introduction Prostate cancer represents a global public health problem. Worldwide, it is the second most common noncutaneous cancer in men, accounting for ∼10% of male cancers ( Parkin et al . 2005 ). Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of

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Craig J Burd
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Lisa M Morey
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Karen E Knudsen
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notably prostate cancer. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of male cancer death in most western countries, including the United States ( Denmeade & Isaacs 2002 , Jemal et al. 2006

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Emma H Allott Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Nutrition, CB 7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Nutrition, CB 7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA

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Stephen D Hursting Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Nutrition, CB 7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Nutrition, CB 7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA

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Introduction Cancer is predicted to overtake heart disease as the leading cause of death across all age groups in the U.S. by 2030, translating to a 45% increase in the number of cancer diagnoses in the next 15 years ( American Society of Clinical

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Anna Angelousi Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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George Kyriakopoulos Department of Pathology, General Hospital ‘Evangelismos’, Αthens, Greece

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Marina Tsoli Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Dimitrios Thomas Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Gregory Kaltsas Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Ashley Grossman Department of Endocrinology, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Introduction Cancer is a major public health issue in developed countries, with the presence of metastases being the most critical factor related to mortality ( Uemura et al . 2016 ). In this context, endocrine organ metastases usually occur

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Liyan Zhou Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Guiying Bai Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yue Song Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiaohui Liu Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiaoqing Li Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yilin Deng Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yiran Si Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yehui Shi Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Hongli Li Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor in women worldwide, significantly affecting the quality of life and threatening the health of women ( Giaquinto et al. 2022 ). Multiple meta-analyses have shown that the risk

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