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Carla Colombo Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marina Muzza Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Gabriele Pogliaghi Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Sonia Palazzo Pathology Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Guia Vannucchi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Leonardo Vicentini Endocrine Surgery Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Giacomo Gazzano Pathology Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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( Sciacchitano et al. 2017 ) which largely restricts their application in clinical practice, especially in European Countries. To overcome this limitation, customized 5- or 7-genes rule-in panels have been set up to analyze the most frequent genetic

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Chiara Borga Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Carlo Alberto Dal Pozzo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Elisabetta Trevellin Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Francesca Bergamo Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy

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Sabina Murgioni Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy

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Anna Caterina Milanetto Department of Oncology, Surgery and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), Surgery 1, Pancreatic and Endocrine Digestive Surgical Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Claudio Pasquali Department of Oncology, Surgery and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), Surgery 1, Pancreatic and Endocrine Digestive Surgical Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Umberto Cillo Department of Oncology, Surgery and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Giada Munari Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Chiara Martini Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Eugenio De Carlo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Vittorina Zagonel Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy

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Vincenza Guzzardo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Gianmaria Pennelli Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Angelo Paolo Dei Tos Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Roberto Vettor Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Matteo Fassan Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy

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, comparing the tumor grading according to 2019 WHO classification ( WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board 2019 ), the somatostatin receptors expression status (SSTR2A and SSTR5) and the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway (ph-mTOR, ph-p70S6K, ph

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Leelamma M Panicker Metabolic Diseases Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8C-101, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Jian-Hua Zhang Metabolic Diseases Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8C-101, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Pradeep K Dagur Metabolic Diseases Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8C-101, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Matthew J Gastinger Metabolic Diseases Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8C-101, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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William F Simonds Metabolic Diseases Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8C-101, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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(1.9 mg/dl), and elevated PTH (204 pg/ml, normal 18–120). An enlarged cystic left inferior parathyroid adenoma (1.5 cm diameter) was excised at cervical exploration with no other parathyroid tissue identified. The patient's calcium and phosphorus

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A Bakhsh
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G Kirov
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J W Gregory
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E D Williams
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M Ludgate
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, he had undergone nephrectomy for polycystic kidney disease. No other member of the family was demonstrated to have any abnormality on renal ultrasound examination. Her 22-year-old sister (IV 5) (born in 1980) has MNG but a thyroid scan

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Jui-Hsiang Lin Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan

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Kang-Yung Peng TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Ping Kuo Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Hsuan Liu Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Chin-Ming Bertrand Tan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Neurosurgery, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Yuh-Feng Lin Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

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Hui-Wen Chiu Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

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Yen-Hung Lin TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yung-Ming Chen TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Jeff S Chueh TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Vin-Cent Wu TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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could not be differentiated from surrounding adrenal cortical cells under H&E staining), and they have to be observed on at least five consecutive immunohistochemistry (IHC) slides (5 µm per slice) ( Williams et al. 2021 ). The adrenal gland was

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Chen-Hsin Liao
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Shih-Chi Yeh
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Ya-Hui Huang Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Center, First Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1st Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China

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Ruey-Nan Chen
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Ming-Ming Tsai
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Wei-Jan Chen Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Center, First Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1st Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China

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Hsiang-Cheng Chi
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Pei-Ju Tai
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Chia-Jung Liao
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Sheng-Ming Wu
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Wan-Li Cheng
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Li-Mei Pai
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Kwang-Huei Lin
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functional domains that mediate hormone binding (ligands), DNA binding, receptor homo- and heterodimerization, and interaction with other transcription factors and cofactors ( Lazar 1993 , Cheng 2000 ). A lack of 3,3′,5-triiodo- l -thyronine (T 3

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Soomin Ahn Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Tae Hyuk Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Chang Seok Ki Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Hye Won Jang Department of Medical Education, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jee Soo Kim Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jung Han Kim Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jun-Ho Choe Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jung Hee Shin Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Soo Yeon Hahn Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Young Lyun Oh Department of Pathology and Translational genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jae Hoon Chung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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87.5% of thyroid carcinoma, which varies according to studies and is higher than other cancer types ( Cunha et al. 2013 , Angell et al. 2014 , Patel & Kurzrock 2015 , Wu et al. 2015 , Bastman et al. 2016 Chowdhury et al. 2016

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Arvind Dasari
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Alexandria Phan
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Sanjay Gupta
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Asif Rashid
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Sai-Ching Jim Yeung
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Kenneth Hess
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Helen Chen Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Street, Unit 426, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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Emily Tarco
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Huiqin Chen
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Caimiao Wei
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Kim Anh-Do
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Daniel Halperin
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Funda Meric-Bernstam
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James Yao
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Introduction The incidence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has increased from 1.09 cases/100 000 in 1973 to 5.25/100 000 in 2004 ( Yao et al . 2008 ). Although they are often slow growing, these cancers are nonetheless incurable and lethal when

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Ziwei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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Menglian Li Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Jianjun Wang Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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Mengsi Liu Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China

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Huan Chen Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China

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Yuan Lou Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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Yijie Wang Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qi Sun Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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Dalong Zhu Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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Ping Li Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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Yan Bi Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China

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VISTA expressed in tumour cells regulates T cell function . British Journal of Cancer 120 115 – 127 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0313-5 ) 30382166 Mutsaers P Balcioglu HE Kuiper R Hammerl D Wijers R Van Duin M Van Der Holt B

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Evgenia Gourgari Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Maya Lodish Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Meg Keil Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Robert Wesley Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Suvimol Hill Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Paraskevi Xekouki Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Charalampos Lyssikatos Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Elena Belyavskaya Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Sierra Maria De La Luz Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Constantine A Stratakis Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN), Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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al . 2007 ). Patients that were at Tanner stage 5 at the time of surgery were excluded from the analysis of annual growth velocity and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) z scores. The mean follow-up after surgery was 402±27 days for the CD and 365

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