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Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
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Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
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Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
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-catenin is localized at the cell membrane. After activation by an extracellular ligand or a genetic alteration, β-catenin is visible in the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus. In both benign and malignant ACTs, β-catenin delocalization can be observed. In the
Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design
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Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design
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aspiration (FNA) biopsy ( Baloch & LiVolsi 2007 ). Understanding the genetic alterations in FTCs and their mechanisms is fundamentally important in developing new molecular markers for earlier diagnosis and novel therapeutic targets. Kroll et al . (2000
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Department of Molecular, Center for Biostatistics, National Hormone and Peptide Program, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Endocrinology, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Tzagournis Research Facility 544, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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), which supports our hypothesis that more than one genetic alteration may be necessary to elicit metastatic thyroid cancer. The mouse expressing a transgene of the PAX8–PPARG fusion protein in the thyroid also fails to develop the FTC seen in patients
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Departments of, Molecular Medicine, International Health and Radiation Research, Department of Thyroid Disease Research, Medical Radiological Research Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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/PTC occurring most frequently ( Nikiforov et al . 1997 , Rabes et al . 2000 ). While in the exposed individuals DNA damage could be attributed to IR, the origination of genetic alterations in sporadic cancers remains obscure. Nevertheless, the spectrum of
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Department of Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:01, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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these cases had an additional thyroid cancer; case 6 exhibited a PTC adjacent to the ATC and, in case 21, a continuous tumor spectrum from PDTC to ATC was observed. Table 2 Molecular and genetic alterations of primary anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC
Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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and genetic alterations in human clinical samples of PanNETs. (A) Representative photographs of DAXX immunostaining in PanNET tissues. DAXX was expressed in pancreatic tissues (i). High (ii) and low (iii) expressions of DAXX were detected in PanNET
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disseminated midgut carcinoid tumours . British Journal of Surgery 90 687 – 693 . Kulke MH Freed E Chiang DY Philips J Zahrieh D Glickman JN Shivdasani RA 2008 High-resolution analysis of genetic alterations in small bowel carcinoid
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to PHLDA3 gene loss of heterozygosity ( Ohki et al . 2014 ). Table 2 Genetic alterations in neuroendocrine tumors. Study Genes (%) Type of alteration No. of patients analyzed Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Oncology–Hematology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Sector of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Medical Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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as well as enabling the accumulation of additional genetic alterations, and/or to other non-canonical functions interfering with extra-telomeric tumor-promoting pathways remains to be elucidated ( Greider & Blackburn 1985 , Cao et al . 2002
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Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,, Geraldine Brush Cancer Research Institute,, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,, Geraldine Brush Cancer Research Institute,, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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Introduction In cancer cells, several genetic alterations are responsible for giving the cells the ability for proliferation, migration, and metastasis. These genetic alterations should be elucidated in order to understand the mechanisms of cancer