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Thomas J Giordano Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular & Genomic Pathology, Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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of tumor classification schemes. Together with the identification of novel genetic alterations, these results have profound implications for the treatment of cancer patients. Tumors of endocrine organs are similarly genomic diseases. Compared to

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Mingzhao Xing Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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-induced colorectal cancer ( Valko et al . 2001 ). One potential consequence of this event may be DNA damage by ROS, resulting in mutagenic genetic alterations that can initiate carcinogenesis and development of cancer. Perhaps such genetic alterations could include

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Segolene Hescot Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France

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Abir Al Ghuzlan Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Theophraste Henry Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Hala Sheikh-Alard Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Livia Lamartina Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Isabelle Borget Department of Biostatistics, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Julien Hadoux Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Eric Baudin Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Corinne Dupuy UMR 8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Alyaksandr V Nikitski Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Martin Schlumberger Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France

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Marina N Nikiforova Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sophie Leboulleux Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

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) presence of at least one of the following criteria: ≥3 mitoses/10 high-power field (HPF), necrosis or convoluted nuclei and (iv) absence of nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma ( Volante et al. 2007 ). Genetic profile of PDTC is different from

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Tirtha K Das Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Ross L Cagan Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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have a clear fish ortholog ( Howe et al . 2013 ). Morpholino-mediated transient gene knockdown and CRISPR-mediated endogenous gene alteration provide the ability to perform a spectrum of genetic manipulations in the fish. With these advantages

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Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
Département de Médecine Génomique des Tumeurs et des Cancers, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France

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Mercedes Robledo Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Patricia L M Dahia Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, Texas, USA
Mays Cancer Center at UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Hypertension clearly stated that genetic studies should be considered for any patient diagnosed with PGL because these tumors carry the highest known heritability rate of any human neoplasm and because genetic alterations currently explain almost 80% of all

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Jacob A Quaytman Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, N715, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Division of Molecular Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Marina N Nikiforova Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Elena Morariu Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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( Nicholson et al. 2019 ). However, to take full advantage of molecular testing, more information is needed on the outcomes of thyroid nodules with various genetic alterations. The results of this study show that patients with isolated PTEN mutations are

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Esther Korpershoek Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Nanne K Kloosterhof Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Angelique Ziel-van der Made Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Hanneke Korsten Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Lindsey Oudijk Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Jan Trapman Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Winand N M Dinjens Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ronald R de Krijger Departments of Pathology, Neurology, Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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appeared to be no difference in frequencies between benign or malignant tumours ( Petri et al . 2008 ). Genetic alterations have been investigated by CGH in two Pten KO mouse models ( You et al . 2002 , Korpershoek et al . 2009 ). The first study

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Xiaopei Shen Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Rengyun Liu Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Mingzhao Xing Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Cancer Journal for Clinicians 65 5 – 29 . ( doi:10.3322/caac.21254 ) Sohn SY Park W-Y Shin H-T Bae JS Ki C-S Oh YL Kim SW Chung JH 2016 Highly concordant key genetic alterations in primary tumors and matched

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Tanupriya Contractor Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Richard Clausen Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Grant R Harris Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Jeffrey A Rosenfeld Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Darren R Carpizo Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Laura Tang Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Chris R Harris Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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novel promoter in mouse myoblasts . PLoS ONE e37923 . ( https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037923 ) Wang GG Yao JC Worah S White JA Luna R Wu TT Hamilton SR Rashid A 2005 Comparison of genetic alterations in neuroendocrine

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Ann M Dorward The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St., Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Kathryn L Shultz The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St., Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Wesley G Beamer The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St., Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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etiology of this pediatric cancer ( Kalfa et al. 2005 ). The low frequency of juvenile-type GC tumor appearance in the general population has motivated researchers to utilize animal models for investigations of the genetic and hormonal stimuli that

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