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Sung Gwe Ahn Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Chang Ik Yoon Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae Hoon Lee Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hye Sun Lee Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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So Eun Park Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Yoon Jin Cha Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Chihwan Cha Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Soong June Bae Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyung-A Lee Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Joon Jeong Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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-positive/HER2-negative tumors, similar to high Ki67 level or poor histologic grade. Our findings are in line with those of previous studies indicating that the loss of PR expression correlates with aggressive tumor characteristics ( Arpino et al . 2005

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Wen G Jiang
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Gareth Watkins
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Oystein Fodstad
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Anthony Douglas-Jones
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Kefah Mokbel
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Robert E Mansel
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from our study concurs with a previous study by Xie et al. (2001 a ) on breast cancer in that Cyr61 is raised in breast tumours and is associated with aggressiveness of the tumours, including higher levels in NPI-3, nodal status, high grade, TNM-3

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Fritz-Line Vélayoudom-Céphise Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Pierre Duvillard Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Lydia Foucan Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Julien Hadoux Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Cecile N Chougnet Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Sophie Leboulleux Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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David Malka Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Joël Guigay Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Diane Goere Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Thierry Debaere Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Caroline Caramella Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Martin Schlumberger Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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David Planchard Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Dominique Elias Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Michel Ducreux Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Jean-Yves Scoazec Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Eric Baudin Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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but differs on some points. The most important differences are as follows: i) the use of only mitotic index and not Ki67 index for lung tumor grading and ii) a lower cutoff between low-grade and high-grade lung tumors, established at ten mitoses per 10

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Claudio Zamagni
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Ralph M Wirtz Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Pierandrea De Iaco Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Marta Rosati
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Elke Veltrup Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Federica Rosati Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Elisa Capizzi Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Nicoletta Cacciari
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Carlo Alboni Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Alessandra Bernardi
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Francesco Massari
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Sara Quercia
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Antonietta D'Errico Grigioni Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Manfred Dietel Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Jalid Sehouli Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Carsten Denkert Medical Oncology Unit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, Pathology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Andrea Angelo Martoni
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with tumour grade and with the proliferation markers MKI67 and TOP2A in the available datasets of 35 patients. Spearman's correlation of the pretreatment gene expression levels and histological grade revealed a high positive correlation of grading with

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Nitya Raj Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Youyun Zheng Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Haley Hauser Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Joanne Chou Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Johnathan Rafailov Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Jad Bou-Ayache Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Peter Sawan Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Jamie Chaft Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Jennifer Chan Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Kimberly Perez Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Charles Rudin Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Laura Tang Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Diane Reidy-Lagunes Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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performed. Pathology review of this post-treatment hepatic tumor specimen demonstrated well differentiated, now high grade (Ki-67 25%) disease and NGS identified a new alteration along the mTOR pathway in regulatory associated protein of mTOR gene ( RPTOR

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Sara Ekeblad
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Bengt Nilsson
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Margareta Halin Lejonklou
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Térèse Johansson
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Peter Stålberg
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Ola Nilsson
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Håkan Ahlman
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Britt Skogseid
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, epithelioid, and mixed), mitotic rate (mitoses per high power field, assessed in 50 high power fields), and Ki67 index. Furthermore, the tumors were graded as having a very low ( n =0), low ( n =2), intermediate ( n =3), or high risk ( n =17) of malignant

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Wiebke Werner Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Katharina Detjen Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Alix Bruneau Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Isabella Lurje Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Natalie Nestel Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Henning Jann Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Frank Tacke Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Bertram Wiedenmann Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Christoph Roderburg Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

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Linda Hammerich Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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analyses also revealed a significant survival benefit for patients with high overall CD3+ T cells ( Fig. 2C ) and CTL ( Fig. 2D ). Of note, general risk factors, for example, tumor grade or tumor stage, did not predict survival in our patient cohort

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Anna Karpathakis University College London Cancer Institute, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
University College London Cancer Institute, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

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Martyn Caplin University College London Cancer Institute, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

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Christina Thirlwell University College London Cancer Institute, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
University College London Cancer Institute, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

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the USA; however, both the classification systems are centred around the primary site of the tumour and histological grade. In Europe, the Ki-67 proliferative index is used to differentiate tumours of low (<2%), intermediate (2–20%) and high (>20

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Emily J Gallagher Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Giampaolo Greco Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Sylvia Lin Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Radhi Yagnik Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Sheldon M Feldman Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Elisa Port Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Neil B Friedman Department of Surgery, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Susan K Boolbol Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA

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Brigid Killelea Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Melissa Pilewskie Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Lydia Choi Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA

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Derek LeRoith Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Nina A Bickell Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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+) was defined clinically by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization. BCs were defined as HR+/HER2–, HR+/HER2+, HR–/HER2+, and TNBC (HR–/HER2–) ( Howlader et al. 2014 ). Tumor grade was defined by the Nottingham combined histological

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S Felder Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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H Jann Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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R Arsenic Institut für Pathologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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T Denecke Klinik für Radiologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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V Prasad Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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B Knappe-Drzikova Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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S Maasberg Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Medical School, Hamburg, Germany

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B Wiedenmann Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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M Pavel Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Medizinische Klinik 1, Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

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A Pascher Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Uinversitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany

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U F Pape Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Medical School, Hamburg, Germany

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association ( Soto-Solis et al. 2019 ). Others proposed four subtypes by differentiating the sporadic gNEN-3 subgroup according to the Ki-67-labelling index-based grading in gNET-3 and gNEC-4 ( Klöppel et al. 2007 ); because of supposed clinical

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