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Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere, Finland
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world ( Ferlay et al. 2019 ). With the aging of the population, the incidence of PCa is on the rise, increasing the burden on the health care
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, the most widely studied are breast cancer and prostate cancer. Apart from skin cancers, breast cancer and prostate cancer are the primary diagnosed cancer and secondary cause of cancer death in women and men, respectively, in the United States ( Jemal
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in Western countries and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males ( Jemal et al . 2010 ). Patients diagnosed with localized disease can be cured by either surgery or
Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Introduction Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed and the third leading cause of cancer death in males of the United States ( Siegel et al . 2017 ). Since the findings of Huggins and Hodges showed that castration could
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Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Introduction: prostate and breast cancer Sex hormones act through nuclear hormone receptors and induce distinct transcriptional programmes essential to male and female physiology. They exert their effects on target tissues such as the mammary
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. A non-canonical pathway focused on some adrenal-derived androgens with different biological activity has been described recently. These androgens, collectively known as 11-oxyandrogens, could be relevant in prostate cancer (PC) development and its
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Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Introduction Prostate cancer (CaP) is expected to cause the death of 33,300 American men in 2020 and remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western men ( Siegel et al. 2020 ). It is well recognized that the androgen
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Introduction In recent years, the treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) has radically changed, with the availability of new antiandrogen hormonal therapies. However, this disease still remains a major health issue in the
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Introduction Prostate cancer is now the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men in Europe and the United States as well as a common cause of cancer death all over the world ( Parkin et al . 2005 , Jemal et al . 2008 ). A special feature of