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Anthony Howell CRUK Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Andrew M Wardley CRUK Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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approaches can be made, and where the addition of new treatments such as anti-growth factor therapies would be potentially advantageous. Endocrine therapy Endocrine therapy is effective because it deprives the tumour cell of oestrogen

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Gavin P Vinson School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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Stewart Barker School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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John R Puddefoot School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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Introduction In the treatment of breast cancer, the various ways of removing the effects of oestrogen, first by surgery and then by the use of drugs, such as tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors, which block the actions of oestrogens or prevent

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Damien A Leach Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK

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Sue M Powell Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK

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Charlotte L Bevan Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK

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allow promiscuous activation of the receptor by other, non-androgen ligands including oestrogens, antiandrogens and glucocorticoids; constitutively active forms of the AR lacking the ligand-binding domain; and altered ratios of coactivator and

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Amanda J M O’Donnell Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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Kenneth G Macleod Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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David J Burns Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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John F Smyth Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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Simon P Langdon Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P & Chambon P 1986 Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erbB-A. Nature 320 134 –139. Greene GL , Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y

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Silvia Darb-Esfahani
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Ralph M Wirtz Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Bruno V Sinn
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Jan Budczies
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Aurelia Noske
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Wilko Weichert
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Areeg Faggad
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Susanne Scharff Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Jalid Sehouli Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Guelten Oskay-Özcelik Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Claudio Zamagni Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Pierandrea De Iaco Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Andrea Martoni Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Manfred Dietel
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Carsten Denkert
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Institute 98 1397 – 1405 . Langdon SP Hawkes MM Lawrie SS Hawkins RA Tesdale AL Crew AJ Miller WR Smyth JF 1990 Oestrogen receptor expression and the effects of oestrogen and tamoxifen on the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cell

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Catherine Zabkiewicz Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Jeyna Resaul Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Rachel Hargest Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Wen Guo Jiang Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Lin Ye Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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breast cancers ( Cancer Research UK 2017 ). Even for those treated at an early stage, there is still a significant risk of relapse, often several years later. This is particularly true of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, which are at a

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Jill I Murray Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Nathan R West Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Leigh C Murphy Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Peter H Watson Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5
Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5
Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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2004 Tumour necrosis factor and PI3-kinase control oestrogen receptor alpha protein level and its transrepression function . British Journal of Cancer 90 853 – 859 . ( doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601541 ). Billam M Witt AE Davidson NE 2009 The

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Charlotte L Bevan Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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pioneer in nuclear receptor research and most renowned for his work on oestrogen receptor in breast cancer. I did not realise at the time that he had actually started his career working on androgen receptor – luckily for me, he retained sufficient interest

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Frank Claessens
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Wayne Tilley Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus GHB ON1, PO Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

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of androgen receptor signalling in breast cancer . Endocrine-Related Cancer 21 T161 – T181 . ( doi:10.1530/ERC-14-0243 ). Nelson AW Tilley WD Neal DE Carroll JS 2014 Oestrogen receptor β in prostate cancer: friend or foe? Endocrine

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Balaji Ramachandran Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 I-20123 Milan, Italy

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Alessia Stell Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 I-20123 Milan, Italy

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Luca Maravigna Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 I-20123 Milan, Italy

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Adriana Maggi Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 I-20123 Milan, Italy

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Paolo Ciana Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9 I-20123 Milan, Italy

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cell functions. Dysregulation of sex hormone-receptor signalling occurs in the tumourigenesis of breast, endometrial, ovary, prostate and testis, where oestrogens, progestin and androgens have been shown to modulate the proliferation of epithelial cells

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