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approaches can be made, and where the addition of new treatments such as anti-growth factor therapies would be potentially advantageous. Endocrine therapy Endocrine therapy is effective because it deprives the tumour cell of oestrogen
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Introduction In the treatment of breast cancer, the various ways of removing the effects of oestrogen, first by surgery and then by the use of drugs, such as tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors, which block the actions of oestrogens or prevent
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allow promiscuous activation of the receptor by other, non-androgen ligands including oestrogens, antiandrogens and glucocorticoids; constitutively active forms of the AR lacking the ligand-binding domain; and altered ratios of coactivator and
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, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P & Chambon P 1986 Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erbB-A. Nature 320 134 –139. Greene GL , Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y
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Institute 98 1397 – 1405 . Langdon SP Hawkes MM Lawrie SS Hawkins RA Tesdale AL Crew AJ Miller WR Smyth JF 1990 Oestrogen receptor expression and the effects of oestrogen and tamoxifen on the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cell
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breast cancers ( Cancer Research UK 2017 ). Even for those treated at an early stage, there is still a significant risk of relapse, often several years later. This is particularly true of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, which are at a
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Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5
Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5
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2004 Tumour necrosis factor and PI3-kinase control oestrogen receptor alpha protein level and its transrepression function . British Journal of Cancer 90 853 – 859 . ( doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601541 ). Billam M Witt AE Davidson NE 2009 The
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pioneer in nuclear receptor research and most renowned for his work on oestrogen receptor in breast cancer. I did not realise at the time that he had actually started his career working on androgen receptor – luckily for me, he retained sufficient interest
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Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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of androgen receptor signalling in breast cancer . Endocrine-Related Cancer 21 T161 – T181 . ( doi:10.1530/ERC-14-0243 ). Nelson AW Tilley WD Neal DE Carroll JS 2014 Oestrogen receptor β in prostate cancer: friend or foe? Endocrine
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cell functions. Dysregulation of sex hormone-receptor signalling occurs in the tumourigenesis of breast, endometrial, ovary, prostate and testis, where oestrogens, progestin and androgens have been shown to modulate the proliferation of epithelial cells