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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies ( Siegel et al . 2012 ). Since the androgen dependence of PCa was discovered, intensive efforts have
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Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jodhpur, India
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. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of male cancer-related death in the United States ( Siegel et al . 2011 ) and Europe ( Ferlay et al . 2010 ). Many treatment options, including prostatectomy, radiation
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men after skin cancer and is a leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States ( Jemal et al . 2008 ). Surgery and radiation are common initial
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Introduction Prostate cancer represents a global public health problem. Worldwide, it is the second most common noncutaneous cancer in men, accounting for ∼10% of male cancers ( Haas et al . 2008 ). In recent years, 5 year survival rates for
Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most common solid tumors, remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in US men with an estimated 174,650 new cases in 2019 ( Siegel et al. 2019 ). Early-stage localized PCa is well
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. Incidence and mortality rates vary widely across geographic regions and ethnic groups ( Gronberg 2003
Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Stem Cell Institute, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Stem Cell Institute, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Stem Cell Institute, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Park Road 1C, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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cellular heterogeneity and promotes tumor progression. For instance, genome-wide DNA sequencing of three individual prostate tumors revealed the existence of three or more clones within each cancer ( Cooper et al . 2015 ). Even morphologically normal
Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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of DNA copy errors. Rodent studies showed that excessive androgen production can induce prostate cancer (CaP) ( Brown et al . 1979 ) and this was later supported by human studies that explored long-term exposure to high levels of androgens ( Gann et
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Introduction The standard initial systemic therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PC) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Even PC patients with metastatic disease initially respond well to hormone therapy but then progress to castration
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Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Castration-resistant prostate cancer Prostate cancer (PC) is notable for the dependence of tumor cells on the androgen receptor (AR) for activation of a luminal differentiation program, proliferation and survival. Because of this, androgen