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J T W Kwon Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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R J Bryant Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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E E Parkes Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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tumour cell-intrinsic pathways to bolster anti-tumour immunity and overcome chemo-/radioresistance afforded by PTEN deficiency in PCa. Prostate tumours additionally partake in crosstalk with their encapsulating stroma in order to remodel the TME and

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J M W Gee
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V E Shaw
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S E Hiscox
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R A McClelland
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N K Rushmere
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R I Nicholson
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alongside NFκB1 in our MCF-7 cells. NFκB signalling has again been implicated substantially in promoting cell survival/proliferation under conditions of environmental stress, in chemo/radioresistance ( Wu & Kral 2005 ) and furthermore in ER+/ER− resistance

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Jung-Hye Choi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, British Columbia Children’s and Women’s Hospital, British Columbia Research Institute for Children’s and Women’s Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5

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Kyung-Chul Choi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, British Columbia Children’s and Women’s Hospital, British Columbia Research Institute for Children’s and Women’s Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5

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Nelly Auersperg Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, British Columbia Children’s and Women’s Hospital, British Columbia Research Institute for Children’s and Women’s Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5

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Peter C K Leung Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, British Columbia Children’s and Women’s Hospital, British Columbia Research Institute for Children’s and Women’s Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5

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125 –129. Liang K , Ang KK, Milas L, Hunter N & Fan Z 2003 The epidermal growth factor receptor mediates radioresistance. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics 57 246 –254

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Anika Nagelkerke Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology
Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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Anieta M Sieuwerts Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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Johan Bussink Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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Fred C G J Sweep Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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Maxime P Look Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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John A Foekens Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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John W M Martens Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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Paul N Span Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology

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PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the unfolded protein response affects radioresistance by interfering with the DNA damage response . Radiotherapy and Oncology 108 415 – 421 . ( doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.037 ). Namgoong GM Khanal P Cho HG Lim SC Oh YK Kang BS

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Yoshiaki Onodera Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Hozumi Motohashi Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Kiyoshi Takagi Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Yasuhiro Miki Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Yukiko Shibahara Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Mika Watanabe Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Takanori Ishida Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Hisashi Hirakawa Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Hironobu Sasano Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Masayuki Yamamoto Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Takashi Suzuki Department of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Yegnasubramanian S Esopi D Kombairaju P Bodas M Wu H Bova SG Biswal S 2010 Loss of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 function in prostate cancer cells causes chemoresistance and radioresistance and promotes tumor growth . Molecular Cancer

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Afaf Aldahish Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA

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Ajay Kale Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA

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Ahmed Aljameeli Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA

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Girish V Shah Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA

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that CD44, especially CD44v isoforms, are critical players in regulating the properties of stem-like cancer cells including self-renewal, tumor initiation, metastasis, and chemo/radioresistance. Significantly, CD44 has been identified as a typical stem

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Yu-Ling Lu Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Yu-Tung Huang Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Ming-Hsien Wu Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Ting-Chao Chou Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology Core, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Richard J Wong Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Shu-Fu Lin Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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A Zhang X Vedaie M Saji M Jhiang S Ringel MD 2019 Inhibiting BRAF oncogene-mediated radioresistance effectively radiosensitizes BRAF(V600E)-mutant thyroid cancer cells by constraining DNA double-strand break repair . Clinical Cancer

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Woo Kyung Lee Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Won Gu Kim Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Laura Fozzatti Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Sunmi Park Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Li Zhao Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Mark C Willingham Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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David Lonard Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Bert W O’Malley Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Sheue-yann Cheng Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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new tumors in ATC. CSCs are a subpopulation of cells in tumors that share molecular similarities to embryonic or adult stem cells and are frequently related to chemo- and radio-resistance ( Reya et al . 2001 , Lin 2011 ). A previous study reported

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Justin S Gundara Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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JingTing Zhao Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Bruce G Robinson Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Stan B Sidhu Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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-radiation contributes to the radioresistance of glioma stem cells . International Journal of Cancer 125 717 – 722 . ( doi:10.1002/ijc.24402 ). Lu Z Luo RZ Lu Y Zhang X Yu Q Khare S Kondo S Kondo Y Yu Y Mills GB 2008 The tumor suppressor

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Tara Williamson Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Thais Biude Mendes Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Natalie Joe Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Janete M Cerutti Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Gregory J Riggins Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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et al . 2008 ). The aggressive pathology of ATC may be further explained by the presence of self-renewing cancer stem cells ( Yun et al . 2014 ); a small population of cells in the tumor that can promote tumor chemo- and radioresistance and lead to

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