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A M Lorincz
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S Sukumar
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Obesity and breast cancer Over 40 000 women in the USA die each year of metastatic breast cancer, for which there are currently no permanent cures. In fact, about one-half of women with metastatic disease who undergo therapeutic

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Nicola Normanno
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Massimo Di Maio
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Ermelinda De Maio
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Antonella De Luca
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Andrea de Matteis
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Antonio Giordano
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Francesco Perrone
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Introduction It has long been established that estrogen is involved in the pathogenesis of breast carcinoma, and that it sustains the growth of breast cancer cells that express the receptor for this hormone. Indeed, approximately 70

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John W Cassidy Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Ankita S Batra Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Wendy Greenwood Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Alejandra Bruna Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Introduction Breast cancer (herein BC) is not a single disease, but is instead a collection of diseases that have distinct histopathological features and genetic and genomic variability linked to diverse prognostic outcomes. Recent research

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V Craig Jordan Departments of Breast Medical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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) and Little Brown and Co. Boston (USA)) The fact that estrogen is implicated as the ‘fuel for the fire’ of breast cancer is ingrained in women's psyche. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has institutionalized the principle, by warning of the

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Zhi-yuan Pang Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yun-tao Wei Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Mu-yan Shang Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Shuang Li Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yang Li Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Quan-xiu Jin Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Zhi-xuan Liao Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Ming-ke Cui Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Xiao-yan Liu Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Qiang Zhang Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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2010 and December 2018. Tissues were obtained from mastectomy at Department of Breast Surgery in Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute. BCa samples were subdivided into ‘Responding’ (complete or partial response to letrozole, n  = 60) and ‘Non

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Andrew M K Law Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Elgene Lim Connie Johnson Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Christopher J Ormandy Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Gallego-Ortega Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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-like receptor agonists and more recently, checkpoint inhibitor blockade are some of the therapeutic approaches with proven success in several types of cancer. The low immunogenicity and intense immunosuppressive environment of breast tumours limit the benefit

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Liyan Zhou Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Guiying Bai Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yue Song Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiaohui Liu Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiaoqing Li Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yilin Deng Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yiran Si Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yehui Shi Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Hongli Li Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor in women worldwide, significantly affecting the quality of life and threatening the health of women ( Giaquinto et al. 2022 ). Multiple meta-analyses have shown that the risk

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Hatem A Azim Jr Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Sylvain Brohée Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Fedro A Peccatori Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Christine Desmedt Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Sherene Loi Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Diether Lambrechts Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Patrizia Dell'Orto Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Samira Majjaj Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Vinu Jose Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Nicole Rotmensz Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Michail Ignatiadis Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Giancarlo Pruneri Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Martine Piccart Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Giuseppe Viale Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Christos Sotiriou Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction Breast cancer arising in young women exhibits distinct biological features and has been shown to pursue an aggressive clinical behavior ( Cancello et al . 2010 , Azim et al . 2012 a , Collins et al . 2012 , Narod 2012 ). Among the

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B Arun Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. barun@mdanderson.org

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G N Hortobagyi Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. barun@mdanderson.org

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Over the past years there have been significant advances in breast cancer treatment and early detection. For the first time, a decrease in cancer mortality has been observed. Recently, much progress has been made in the understanding of carcinogenesis partly due to available new technologies to detect early molecular changes in the tissue. The knowledge of breast cancer carcinogenesis has provided possible opportunities to prevent breast cancer. Currently, several clinical breast cancer prevention trials are ongoing. This paper reviews issues related to breast cancer chemoprevention including identification of high risk cohorts, endpoint biomarkers, current and new chemopreventive agents as well as models to evaluate these agents.

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Philipp Y Maximov Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Balkees Abderrahman Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ramona F Curpan Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania

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Yousef M Hawsawi Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ping Fan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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V Craig Jordan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Introduction Despite advances in understanding the molecular biology of prostate and breast cancers, they are still the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and women, in the United States. There is no completely effective preventative for

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