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Vanessa W Lim
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Jun Li
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Yinhan Gong
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Aizhen Jin Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Registry of Diseases Office, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore

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Jian-Min Yuan Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Registry of Diseases Office, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Registry of Diseases Office, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore

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Eu Leong Yong
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Woon-Puay Koh Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Registry of Diseases Office, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Registry of Diseases Office, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore

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circulating estrogen levels have been reported between Asian and Caucasian women ( Bernstein et al . 1990 , Shimizu et al . 1990 , Wu & Pike 1995 ). Estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ bioassays are classically used to identify estrogenic compounds present

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S Tozlu
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I Girault
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S Vacher
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J Vendrell
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C Andrieu
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F Spyratos
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P Cohen
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R Lidereau
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I Bieche
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full range of ER signaling, gene expression profiling studies should compare ER+ and ER− tumors rather than focus solely on ERα-positive breast tumor cell lines, regulated or not by estrogens (MCF7, T-47D, etc.), which may not accurately reflect the

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Jian Teng Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Urology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Zun-Yi Wang Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Urology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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David F Jarrard Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Urology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Dale E Bjorling Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Urology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Urology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Introduction Estrogen hormones, particularly 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), are potent regulators of cell growth in a wide array of tissues. These effects are mediated primarily through binding to the two major estrogen receptors (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ

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Flavia Magri
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Valentina Capelli
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Mario Rotondi
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Paola Leporati
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Luigi La Manna Units of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratorio di Informatica e Sistemistica per la Ricerca Clinica, Laboratorio di Informatica Biomedica, Units of Pathology and Cytology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

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Rubina Ruggiero Units of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratorio di Informatica e Sistemistica per la Ricerca Clinica, Laboratorio di Informatica Biomedica, Units of Pathology and Cytology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

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Alberto Malovini Units of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratorio di Informatica e Sistemistica per la Ricerca Clinica, Laboratorio di Informatica Biomedica, Units of Pathology and Cytology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

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Riccardo Bellazzi Units of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratorio di Informatica e Sistemistica per la Ricerca Clinica, Laboratorio di Informatica Biomedica, Units of Pathology and Cytology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

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Laura Villani Units of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratorio di Informatica e Sistemistica per la Ricerca Clinica, Laboratorio di Informatica Biomedica, Units of Pathology and Cytology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

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Luca Chiovato
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normal thyroid parenchyma, ERα expression is usually increased in thyroid cancers, while ERβ expression is decreased ( Chen et al . 2008 ). In vitro stimulation of benign and malignant thyroid cells with 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) results in an increased

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Robert X-D Song Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA

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Ping Fan Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA

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Wei Yue Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA

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Yucai Chen Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA

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Richard J Santen Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA

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the nucleus of the cell or via extranuclear events. For the past two decades, major investigative emphasis in breast cancer research has focused upon transcriptional events resulting from the binding of E2 to ERs (ERα and ERβ) in the nucleus of the

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Mathieu Lupien Dartmouth Medical School, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA

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Myles Brown Dartmouth Medical School, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
Dartmouth Medical School, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA

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cancers. Nuclear receptors are central to the development of both breast and prostate cancer. The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a fundamental feature of more than two-thirds of breast cancers ( Sorlie et al . 2001 , 2003 ), while prostate cancer is

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Frances Collins The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Nozomi Itani The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Arantza Esnal-Zufiaurre The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Douglas A Gibson The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Carol Fitzgerald The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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receptors which act as ligand-activated transcription factors. In women the key nuclear oestrogen receptors are ERα, encoded by ESR1 , and ERβ encoded by ESR2 : both receptors are expressed in endometrial tissue during the normal menstrual cycle

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Roberta Fusco
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Mario Galgani Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Claudio Procaccini Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Renato Franco Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Giuseppe Pirozzi Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Laura Fucci
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Paolo Laccetti
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Giuseppe Matarese Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano, Area Funzionale di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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the leptin/LepR axis and the estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression in the modulation of growth, survival, and progression of human breast cancer cell lines. Our analyses were also corroborated by ex vivo analyses of human breast cancers ( Fiorio et

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Balaji Ramachandran Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), Adyar, Chennai, India

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16-α-hydroxy estrones that in turn covalently bind and activate ERα. The activated ERα is assumed to bind to responsive elements within the LCR and further induce E6 and E7 transcription to maintain HPV gene activity ( de Villiers 2003 , Matos et al

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Didier Marot
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Ivan Bieche
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Chantal Aumas
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Stéphanie Esselin
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Céline Bouquet
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Sophie Vacher
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Gwendal Lazennec
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Michel Perricaudet
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Frederique Kuttenn
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Rosette Lidereau
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Nicolas de Roux
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effect of estradiol (E 2 ) as estrogen receptor α (ERα) is expressed within kisspeptin-immunoreactive cells present in the preoptic area and arcuate nucleus of the ovine hypothalamus ( Franceschini et al. 2006 ). A body of evidence supports the

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