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available. Androgen receptor (AR) was shown to play a critical role in progression of prostate cancer ( Grossmann et al . 2001 ). Activated AR interacts with androgen response elements in the promoters of target genes including prostate-specific antigen
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Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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dataset GSE77930 ( Kumar et al. 2016 ) was downloaded from the GEO database and analyzed with the Qlucore Omics Explorer v3.5. Gene set activity scores for the Hallmark ‘Androgen response’ and ‘Myc targets’ gene sets (Molecular Signatures Database
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androgen response element (ARE) and dimerization of receptor on DNA, which leads to an AR–transcription complex with transcriptional activity through NTD–LBD interaction. After completing its molecular activity, the AR–transcription complex is rapidly
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. 1989 ). In the absence of androgen, AR is inactive and unable to influence the transcription rate of its target gene promoters. Androgen-bound AR engages with androgen response elements in the promoter and enhancer regions of target genes and regulates
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, AR is cytoplasmic; ligand binding induces an active conformation and translocation into the nucleus where it binds specific androgen response elements (AREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes, thus influencing rates of gene transactivation. AR
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receptor; ARE, androgen response element; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4
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Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
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genomic androgen response elements ( Gelmann 2002 , Lee & Chang 2003 , Claessens et al . 2008 ). In normal tissue, androgen-responsive genes are important for normal prostate architecture, homeostasis, and physiological function. In prostate cancer (PCa
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in DU145 and lowest levels in LNCaP cells ( Fig. 4 A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H). This prompted us to in silico explore the presence of androgen response elements (AREs) and ZEB2-binding sites in MIR200A and MIR200B genes. Figure 10 (A) miR200a and
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. 1999 , Feldman & Feldman 2001 ). The active AR homodimers are able to bind to androgen-response elements (AREs) and thus lead to the transcriptional activation of AR target genes, such as the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ), as well as other genes
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://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-3-199608010-00011 ) Clinckemalie L Spans L Dubois V Laurent M Helsen C Joniau S Claessens F 2013 Androgen regulation of the TMPRSS2 gene and the effect of a SNP in an androgen response element . Molecular