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S A Khan
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D Bhandare
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R T Chatterton Jr
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Introduction The past decade has seen a proliferation of information regarding the endocrinology and intracrinology of the normal breast, and parallel information regarding the expression of hormone-related biomarker expression in

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Filipa Quintela Vieira Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Pedro Costa-Pinheiro Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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João Ramalho-Carvalho Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Andreia Pereira Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Francisco Duarte Menezes Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Luís Antunes Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Isa Carneiro Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Jorge Oliveira Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Rui Henrique Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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Carmen Jerónimo Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
Cancer Epigenetics Group, School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Department of Pathology, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Urology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

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stages, PCa is frequently asymptomatic, fostering the use of biomarkers, such as serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), for screening and identification of asymptomatic low-stage tumors, followed by prostate biopsy for diagnosis confirmation ( Stamey 1995

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Irvin M Modlin Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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Ignat Drozdov Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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Daniele Alaimo Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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Stephen Callahan Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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Nancy Teixiera Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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Lisa Bodei Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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Mark Kidd Wren Laboratories 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA

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establishment of therapeutic efficacy. Thus alternative approaches, radiological, nuclear medicine or co-value biomarker strategies are required to provide information of recurrent disease or therapeutic efficacy. Alternative or complementary evaluation methods

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Willemijn A van Gemert Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Evelyn M Monninkhof Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Anne M May Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Sjoerd G Elias Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Job van der Palen Medisch Spectrum Twente Hospital, Department of Epidemiology, Enschede, the Netherlands
Department of Research methodology, Measurement and Data analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands

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Wouter Veldhuis Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Maaike Stapper Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Rebecca K Stellato Department of Biostatistics and Research Support, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Jantine A Schuit Division of Public Health and Health Care, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Petra H Peeters Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK

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Introduction Intervention studies suggest that body fat is an important mediator in the association between exercise and/or weight loss and biomarkers for risk of breast cancer in postmenopausalwomen. ( McTiernan et al. 2004 , McTiernan et

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Felicity E B May Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Institute for Cancer Research and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, University of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Bruce R Westley Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Institute for Cancer Research and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, University of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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predictive biomarker of response to endocrine therapy and to evaluate the response of breast cancer cells to TFF3. Materials and methods Cell culture Breast cancer cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA

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Yihao Chen Department of Andrology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China

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Jiahong Chen Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China

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Yongcheng Shi Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China

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Xiaohui Ling Reproductive Medicine Center, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China

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Shumin Fang Science Research Center, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China

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Chuanfan Zhong Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Fengping Liu State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China

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Weide Zhong State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong

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Xuecheng Bi Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Zhong Dong Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China

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Jianming Lu Department of Andrology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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, aside from tumor staging, there are no superior prognostic indicators ( Else et al. 2014 ). Given the limitations of staging-based prognosis, there is a pressing need to identify novel biomarkers for risk stratification of patients and the discovery of

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Belinda van Zyl Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Denise Tang Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Nikola A Bowden Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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, we review biomarkers of platinum chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer with a focus on biomarkers that are potentially targetable for future treatment combinations. Ovarian cancer subtypes There are 2 major subtypes of ovarian cancer that

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Yuriko Mori Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Alexandru V Olaru Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Yulan Cheng Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Rachana Agarwal Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Jian Yang Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Delgermaa Luvsanjav Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Wayne Yu Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Florin M Selaru Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Susan Hutfless Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Mark Lazarev Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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John H Kwon Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Steven R Brant Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Michael R Marohn Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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David F Hutcheon Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Mark D Duncan Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Ajay Goel Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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Stephen J Meltzer Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine

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, are not ideal for application to the asymptomatic population. Therefore, active investigations are now underway to discover noninvasive biomarkers, such as those found in stool, which could supplement or supplant colonoscopic screening

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Vincenzo Marotta Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy

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Maria Chiara Zatelli Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Concetta Sciammarella IOS & COLEMAN Srl, Naples, Italy

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Maria Rosaria Ambrosio Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Marta Bondanelli Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Annamaria Colao Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy

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Antongiulio Faggiano Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’ – IRCCS, Naples, Italy

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-functional disease. This strikingly limits clinical utility of circulating CgA as diagnosis of functional and metastatic NENs is mainly obtained by specific biomarkers and imaging modalities or biopsy, respectively ( Jensen et al . 2012 , Pavel et al . 2012

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M Christine Bruce Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9

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Danielle McAllister Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9

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Leigh C Murphy Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9

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estrogen receptors (ERs; Jensen et al . 1971 ). This heralded the beginning of an era of targeted therapies for breast cancer, identified the first biomarker used clinically to predict the biological behavior of breast cancer, and established the

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