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Giulia Vocino Trucco
Giulia Vocino Trucco
Pathology Unit, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Savigliano, Italy
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Marco Volante
Marco Volante
Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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recognized based on the morphology and grade of differentiation: neuroendocrine tumors (NETs, also termed as carcinoid tumors in the thoracic location) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). In this binary framework, NETs correspond to well
Guido Rindi
Guido Rindi
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
ENETS Center of Excellence, Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Center, Rome, Italy
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Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
ENETS Center of Excellence, Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Center, Rome, Italy
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Frediano Inzani
Frediano Inzani
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
ENETS Center of Excellence, Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Center, Rome, Italy
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ENETS Center of Excellence, Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Center, Rome, Italy
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the poorly differentiated lesion, defined as neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). (A, B and C) NET G1 displays a trabecular/insular structure, in absence of necrosis, and is composed of epithelial cells with abundant cytoplasm, low degree of atypia, low, if
Massimo Milione
Massimo Milione
1st Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Patrick Maisonneuve
Patrick Maisonneuve
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
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Alessio Pellegrinelli
Alessio Pellegrinelli
1st Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Federica Grillo
Federica Grillo
Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova and Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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Luca Albarello
Luca Albarello
Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientifica Institute, Milan, Italy
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Paola Spaggiari
Paola Spaggiari
Cancer Center Humanitas, Milan, Italy
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Alessandro Vanoli
Alessandro Vanoli
Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Giovanna Tagliabue
Giovanna Tagliabue
Lombardy Cancer Registry, Varese Province Cancer Registry Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Eleonora Pisa
Eleonora Pisa
Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
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Luca Messerini
Luca Messerini
Diagnostic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Giovanni Centonze
Giovanni Centonze
Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Tumor Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
Clinical Research Lab (CRAB), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Clinical Research Lab (CRAB), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Frediano Inzani
Frediano Inzani
Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
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Aldo Scarpa
Aldo Scarpa
ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health-Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Mauro Papotti
Mauro Papotti
Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Marco Volante
Marco Volante
Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Fausto Sessa
Fausto Sessa
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Nicola Fazio
Nicola Fazio
Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors Unit, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
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Giancarlo Pruneri
Giancarlo Pruneri
1st Pathology Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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Guido Rindi
Guido Rindi
Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
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Enrico Solcia
Enrico Solcia
Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Stefano La Rosa
Stefano La Rosa
Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Carlo Capella
Carlo Capella
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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; however, prognostic markers predictive of MANEC outcome have not been definitively validated to date. Whether prognostic markers of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), such as proliferation, CD117 expression and microsatellite
Andreas Venizelos
Andreas Venizelos
K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Halfdan Sorbye
Halfdan Sorbye
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Hege Elvebakken
Hege Elvebakken
Department of Oncology, Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Aurel Perren
Aurel Perren
Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Inger Marie B Lothe
Inger Marie B Lothe
Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Anne Couvelard
Anne Couvelard
Department of Pathology, Université Paris Cité and AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
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Geir Olav Hjortland
Geir Olav Hjortland
Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Anna Sundlöv
Anna Sundlöv
Departmentt of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Johanna Svensson
Johanna Svensson
Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Harrish Garresori
Harrish Garresori
Department of Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Christian Kersten
Christian Kersten
Department of Research, Hospital of Southern Norway, Kristiansand, Norway
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Eva Hofsli
Eva Hofsli
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Oncology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Department of Oncology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Sönke Detlefsen
Sönke Detlefsen
Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lene W Vestermark
Lene W Vestermark
Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Morten Ladekarl
Morten Ladekarl
Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Elizaveta Mitkina Tabaksblat
Elizaveta Mitkina Tabaksblat
Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Stian Knappskog
Stian Knappskog
K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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3 neuroendocrine tumors (NET G3) or poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) ( WHO 2019 ). The molecular features of HG-GEP NENs are not well characterized, but some recent reports have shed new light on the landscape of somatic
Himisha Beltran
Himisha Beltran
Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Francesca Demichelis
Francesca Demichelis
Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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neuroendocrine carcinoma ( Beltran et al. 2011 , Bluemn et al. 2017 , Aggarwal et al. 2018 ). As new drugs enter the clinic for neuroendocrine prostate cancer, patient selection will be critical. Figure 1 Schematic of the lineage plasticity process
Tim J Takkenkamp
Tim J Takkenkamp
Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mathilde Jalving
Mathilde Jalving
Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Frederik J H Hoogwater
Frederik J H Hoogwater
Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Annemiek M E Walenkamp
Annemiek M E Walenkamp
Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) ( Kim et al. 2017 ). Next to this, a study analysing gastric carcinomas found that 10% of these tumours are neuroendocrine malignant tumours and were reclassified as NECs ( Waldum et al. 1998 ). The incidence of
Marc Diedisheim
Marc Diedisheim
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Diabetology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Diabetology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Solène Dermine
Solène Dermine
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Anne Jouinot
Anne Jouinot
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Amandine Septier
Amandine Septier
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
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Sébastien Gaujoux
Sébastien Gaujoux
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Digestive Surgery, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Digestive Surgery, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Bertrand Dousset
Bertrand Dousset
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Digestive Surgery, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Digestive Surgery, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Guillaume Cadiot
Guillaume Cadiot
Department of Gastroenterology, Robert-Debré Hospital, Reims, France
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Etienne Larger
Etienne Larger
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Diabetology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Diabetology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Jérôme Bertherat
Jérôme Bertherat
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Raphael Scharfmann
Raphael Scharfmann
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
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Benoit Terris
Benoit Terris
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Romain Coriat
Romain Coriat
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Guillaume Assié
Guillaume Assié
Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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–67) months. Patient’s characteristics are summarized in Table 1. 47% of DPNETs are non-functional, and 32% are insulinoma; 62% were classified as grade 1, 33% as grade 2, 3% as grade 3 and 2% as neuroendocrine carcinoma. Recurrence occurred in 24% of
Laura Gerard
Laura Gerard
Service de Gastroentérologie et d’Oncologie Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Céline Patte
Céline Patte
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Laurence Chardon
Laurence Chardon
Service de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Valérie Hervieu
Valérie Hervieu
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
Service Central d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Service Central d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Léa Payen
Léa Payen
Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, CIRculating CANcer Program (CIRCAN), Lyon, France
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Marion Allio
Marion Allio
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Claire Marx
Claire Marx
Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
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Hugo Clermidy
Hugo Clermidy
Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Vidéothoracoscopie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Lyon, France
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Alice Durand
Alice Durand
Service de Gastroentérologie et d’Oncologie Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Patrick Mehlen
Patrick Mehlen
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Julien Bollard
Julien Bollard
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Gilles Poncet
Gilles Poncet
Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Colette Roche
Colette Roche
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Benjamin Gibert
Benjamin Gibert
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Thomas Walter
Thomas Walter
Service de Gastroentérologie et d’Oncologie Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Gastroenterology and Technologies for Health, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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separated in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs, or ‘carcinoid’ for lung NETs) and in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Despite chromogranin A (CgA) is the main established tissue and circulating marker for the management
Luisella Righi
Luisella Righi
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Marco Volante
Marco Volante
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Ida Rapa
Ida Rapa
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Veronica Tavaglione
Veronica Tavaglione
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Frediano Inzani
Frediano Inzani
Division of Pathology, Division of Pathology, National Cancer Institute and University of Milan, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Giuseppe Pelosi
Giuseppe Pelosi
Division of Pathology, Division of Pathology, National Cancer Institute and University of Milan, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Mauro Papotti
Mauro Papotti
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(129 cases from Turin, 40 from Parma, and 49 from Milan) was collected, including 24 TCs with lymph node metastases at the time of the diagnosis (TC mets), 73 ACs with or without lymph node metastases, 60 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs
James C Yao
James C Yao
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Jonathan Strosberg
Jonathan Strosberg
Department of GI Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Nicola Fazio
Nicola Fazio
European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Marianne E Pavel
Marianne E Pavel
Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Emily Bergsland
Emily Bergsland
UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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Philippe Ruszniewski
Philippe Ruszniewski
Hôpital Beaujon, University of Paris, Paris, France
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Daniel M Halperin
Daniel M Halperin
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Daneng Li
Daneng Li
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
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Salvatore Tafuto
Salvatore Tafuto
Sarcomas and Rare Tumours Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Nitya Raj
Nitya Raj
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Davide Campana
Davide Campana
Department of Clinical Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, ENETS Center of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
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Susumu Hijioka
Susumu Hijioka
National Cancer Center Japan Tsukiji Campus, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Tokyo, Japan
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Markus Raderer
Markus Raderer
Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Rosine Guimbaud
Rosine Guimbaud
CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Pablo Gajate
Pablo Gajate
Hospital Universitário Ramón y Cajal, Clinical Oncology Department, Madrid, Spain
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Sara Pusceddu
Sara Pusceddu
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Albert Reising
Albert Reising
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Evgeny Degtyarev
Evgeny Degtyarev
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Mark Shilkrut
Mark Shilkrut
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Simantini Eddy
Simantini Eddy
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Simron Singh
Simron Singh
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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years ( Yao et al. 2008 ). Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are comprised of well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The World Health Organization classification reported four categories, based on tumor
