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Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) account for approximately two-thirds of all neuroendocrine malignancies ( Kaliszewski et al. 2022 ). The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification system
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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) are rare tumors defined by the presence of specific biomarkers ( Yao et al . 2008 ). The differentiation status is a major prognostic factor, regardless of primary site and
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Introduction Despite being rare diseases, neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have shown a worldwide increase in the past several decades, with incidence rates rising from 1.52 to 7.41 cases per 100,000 from 1973 to 2012 ( Leoncini et al . 2017
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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP–NENs) represent a heterogeneous group of solid cancers, on the basis of on embryogenic, morphological and biochemical findings ( Modlin et al . 2008 , Rindi & Wiedenmann 2012 ). The
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Introduction Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) comprise approximately 1–2% of all pancreatic neoplasms ( Yao et al. 2008 ). The 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification divides PanNENs into well
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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little information about the impact of sex differences are neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). NENs usually are well-differentiated tumors, mainly localized in the gastrointestinal system, pancreas, and lung ( Klöppel 2011 , Caplin et al. 2015 , Refardt
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Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Erlangen, Germany
Comprehensive Cancer Center CCC-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Erlangen, Germany
Comprehensive Cancer Center CCC-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a rare and heterogeneous group of malignancies with variable tumor growth ( Pavel & Sers 2016 ). They occur with an estimated incidence of 6.98 cases/100,000 citizens ( Dasari et al
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Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
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Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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. 2011 , Poveda et al. 2011 ), including neuroendocrine neoplasms ( Khan et al. 2011 , 2013 , 2016 , Mandair et al. 2021 ). More recently, molecular analysis of single CTCs has been used to identify predictive biomarkers, such as the T790M
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genova, Italy
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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous family of neoplasms originating from neuroendocrine cells dispersed in different organs, most frequently in the digestive system and in the lungs. The last few decades have
ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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overproduction or due to infections with urease-producing bacteria, for example, urinary tract or skin infections ( Stergachis et al. 2020 ). Ten cases of hyperammonemia in neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) patients have been described in the literature to date