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X Yang Breast Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.

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L Yan Breast Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.

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N E Davidson Breast Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.

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Like all cancers, breast cancer is considered to result in part from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations leading to oncogene overexpression and tumor suppressor loss. More recently, the role of epigenetic change as a distinct and crucial mechanism to silence a variety of methylated tissue-specific and imprinted genes has emerged in many cancer types. This review will briefly discuss basic aspects of DNA methylation, recent advances in DNA methyltransferases, the role of altered chromatin organization and the concept of gene transcriptional regulation built on methylated CpGs. In particular, we discuss epigenetic regulation of certain critical tumor suppressor and growth regulatory genes implicated in breast cancer, and its relevance to breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, progression and therapy.

Article Type:
Abstract
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 2
Free access
Kellie L Jones
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Aman U Buzdar
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women today excluding non-melanoma skin cancers. Due to increased awareness and numerous screening programs, more and more patients are being diagnosed with

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00594
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 3
Free access
Tracy Proverbs-Singh Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Jarett L Feldman Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Michael J Morris Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Karen A Autio Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Tiffany A Traina Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
Breast Medicine Service, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA

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breast cancer (BCa), androgens have been shown to induce proliferative changes in breast tissue and promote growth of some BCa cell lines ( Xie et al . 1999 , Wong & Xie 2001 ). Prostate cancer The role of the AR in PCa Since 1941 when Huggins and

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0543
Volume/Issue:
Volume 22: Issue 3
Free access
Suleiman Massarweh
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Rachel Schiff
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Introduction Breast cancer is a classical hormone-dependent tumor, and estrogen is well known to play a major role in the development and progression of the disease. Knowing that nearly 70% of breast tumors express the receptor for

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.01273
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue Supplement_1
Free access
S C Drury Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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S Detre Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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A Leary Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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J Salter Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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J Reis-Filho Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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V Barbashina Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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C Marchio Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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E Lopez-Knowles Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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Z Ghazoui Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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K Habben Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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S Arbogast Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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S Johnston Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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M Dowsett Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
Translational Research, Academic Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Breast Unit, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK

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Introduction Until recently, tamoxifen has been the gold standard endocrine treatment for oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer and despite the advent of aromatase inhibitors, it continues to be an important therapeutic option. Tamoxifen

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-10-0046
Volume/Issue:
Volume 18: Issue 5
Free access
Bo Chen Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Guochun Zhang Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Guangnan Wei Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Yulei Wang Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Liping Guo Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Jiali Lin Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Kai Li Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Hsiaopei Mok Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Li Cao Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Chongyang Ren Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Lingzhu Wen Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Minghan Jia Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Cheukfai Li Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Ting Hou Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Han Han-Zhang Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Jing Liu Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Charles M Balch Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ning Liao Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Introduction Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types with great heterogeneity ( Cancer Genome Atlas Network 2012 , DeSantis et al. 2017 ). The genetic and molecular characteristics of the breast tumor could strongly influence

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0414
Volume/Issue:
Volume 27: Issue 3
Restricted access
Jack Junjie Chan Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

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Yirong Sim Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Surgery & Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
SingHealth Duke-NUS Breast Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

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Samuel Guan Wei Ow Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Joline Si Jing Lim Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Grace Kusumawidjaja Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Qingyuan Zhuang Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Ru Xin Wong Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Fuh Yong Wong Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Veronique Kiak Mien Tan Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Surgery & Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
SingHealth Duke-NUS Breast Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

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Tira Jing Ying Tan Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

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health professionals. The tremendous adverse impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the Singapore healthcare system also extends to breast cancer care. This review aims to present the challenges to breast oncology practice in Singapore during this unfurling

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-20-0157
Volume/Issue:
Volume 27: Issue 9
Free access
W F Symmans
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D J Fiterman
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S K Anderson
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M Ayers
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R Rouzier
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V Dunmire
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J Stec
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V Valero
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N Sneige
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C Albarracin
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Y Wu
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J S Ross
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P Wagner
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R L Theriault
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B Arun
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H Kuerer
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K R Hess
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W Zhang
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G N Hortobagyi
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L Pusztai
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Introduction Estrogen receptor (ER) and Her-2/ neu receptor (HER2) are major determinants of growth and overall gene expression in breast cancer ( Perou et al. 2000 a , Pusztai et al. 2003 ). However, invasive breast cancers

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.01051
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Free access
Marc Sinotte Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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François Rousseau Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Pierre Ayotte Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Eric Dewailly Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Caroline Diorio Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Yves Giguère Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Sylvie Bérubé Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Jacques Brisson Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Introduction Low-vitamin D intakes or circulating levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk in several ecological ( Garland et al . 1990 , 1999 , Grant 2002 , 2003 ), case–control and cohort studies ( Van't Veer et al . 1991

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-08-0056
Volume/Issue:
Volume 15: Issue 4
Open access
View license
M Cristofanilli Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 424, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. mcristof@notes.mdacc.tmc.edu

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G N Hortobagyi Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 424, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. mcristof@notes.mdacc.tmc.edu

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Our increasing understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis has generated detailed information about the potential roles of specific biomolecular markers in this process. Furthermore, in the last few years the process of targeted drug design has become faster and more sophisticated, providing a variety of agents targeted at these molecules. In this review, we describe the most widely recognized molecular targets in breast cancer.

Article Type:
Abstract
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 4
Free access