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Introduction Functional imaging has become critical for gastro–entero–pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (GEP NEN) ( Krenning et al . 1994 , Baudin 2007 ). Somatostatin receptors (sst) are expressed by these tumors, and somatostatin receptor
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management of high-grade NENs of gastroenteropancreatic and gynecologic origin. Methods for developing consensus practice recommendations A panel consisting of 17 neuroendocrine experts from 13 institutions was convened by the NANETS Publications and
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Five somatostatin receptor (sst) subtype genes, sst(1), sst(2), sst(3), sst(4) and sst(5), have been cloned and characterised. The five sst subtypes all bind natural somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 with high affinity. Endocrine pancreatic and endocrine digestive tract tumours also express multiple sst subtypes, but sst(2) predominance is generally found. However, there is considerable variation in sst subtype expression between the different tumour types and among tumours of the same type. The predominant expression of sst(2) receptors on pancreatic endocrine or carcinoid tumours is essential for the control of hormonal hypersecretion by the octapeptide somatostatin analogues such as octreotide and lanreotide. Somatostatin and its octapeptide analogues are also able to inhibit proliferation of normal and tumour cells. The high density of sst(2) or sst(5) on pancreatic endocrine or carcinoid tumours further allows the use of radiolabelled somatostatin analogues for in vivo visualisation. The predominant expression of sst(2) receptors in these tumours and the efficiency of sst(2) receptors to undergo agonist-induced internalisation is also essential for the application of radiolabelled octapeptide somatostatin analogues. Currently, [(111)In-DTPA(0)]octreotide, [(90)Y-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotide, [(177)Lu-DOTA(0)Tyr(3)]octreotate, [(111)In-DOTA(0)]lanreotide and [(90)Y-DOTA(0)]lanreotide can be used for this purpose.
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German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Royal Free Hospital ENETS Centre of Excellence, London, UK
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Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Introduction Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs) are a type of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NETs) ( Yao et al. 2008 ). Due to their slow and frequently asymptomatic growth, panNETs are often advanced when diagnosed
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). The incidence of NETs has increased by nearly six-fold over the last three decades, and gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs currently represent the second most prevalent gastrointestinal cancer after colorectal cancer ( Dasari et al. 2017 , Chauhan
Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Preclinical MRI Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Translational Oncology of Solid Tumours, Berlin, Germany
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Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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ENETS Centre of Excellence, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System at the University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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: clinicalguidelines@esmo.org 2020 Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up . Annals of Oncology 31 844 – 860 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.304 ) Pelicano H Zhang W
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Introduction Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tumors (GEP ETs) are rare neoplasms, with 1–4 cases per 100 000 people per year ( Quaedvlieg et al. 2001 , Modlin et al. 2003 , Lepage et al. 2004 , Taal & Visser 2004
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designed to include all NENs into a general classification ( Rindi et al . 2018 b ). The most important site-specific NENs are the NENs from the bronchopulmonary (BP-) and the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) organs, as they account for over 90% of all NENs
Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Marseille, France
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Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Marseille, France
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Introduction Human gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent a heterogeneous group of tumors emerging from cells producing glycopeptides and biogenic amines ( Klöppel 2011 ). They account for approximately 0.5% of all
Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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( Lloyd 2017 , Sorbye et al. 2019 , Nagtegaal et al. 2020 ). The gastroenteropancreatic tract is the most common site of extrapulmonary NEN. Notably, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP-NEC) are rare and highly aggressive. Distant