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J T W Kwon Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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R J Bryant Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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E E Parkes Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth most common cause of death in men worldwide ( Sung et al. 2021 ). Although the aetiology of PCa is multifactorial, genomics is a key variable

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Craig J Burd
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Lisa M Morey
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Karen E Knudsen
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notably prostate cancer. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of male cancer death in most western countries, including the United States ( Denmeade & Isaacs 2002 , Jemal et al. 2006

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Clovis Boibessot Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

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Paul Toren Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

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cancer (PCa) ( Huggins & Hodges 1941 ). Androgens, as well as estrogens and progesterone, appear to play a significant role in not only carcinogenesis, but also on the progression of PCa. Castration remains the primary treatment for advanced prostate

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Mathis Grossmann
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Gary Wittert Department of Medicine Austin Health, Discipline of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Introduction Diabetes and prostate cancer (PCa) are two major, growing health problems that affect millions of men worldwide. PCa is the most common solid organ cancer in men in the USA, Canada and Australia, and the second most common cancer in men

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Maho Shibata Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Michael M Shen Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Introduction For the past 70 years, androgen-deprivation therapy has remained the mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer. Although most prostate cancers initially respond to androgen deprivation, many will ultimately progress to lethal castration

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Melissa Gamat University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Douglas G McNeel University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and the second most common cause of cancer death in men in the United States ( Siegel et al. 2016 ). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), using surgical or chemical castration, is

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Yasuhiro Nakamura
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Takashi Suzuki
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Masao Nakabayashi
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Mareyuki Endoh
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Kazuhiro Sakamoto
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Yoshiki Mikami
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Takuya Moriya
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Akihiro Ito
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Shoki Takahashi
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Shogo Yamada
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Yoichi Arai
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Hironobu Sasano
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Introduction Androgens play important roles in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer ( Lopez-Otin & Diamandis 1998 ). In addition, the in situ production of androgens has been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis and

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Masaki Shiota Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shusuke Akamatsu Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Shigehiro Tsukahara Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shohei Nagakawa Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Takashi Matsumoto Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masatoshi Eto Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in developed countries. Characteristically, prostate cancer depends on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for its carcinogenesis, development, and progression ( Basu

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Simon Linder Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Henk G van der Poel Division of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Andries M Bergman Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Wilbert Zwart Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Stefan Prekovic Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Ever since the discovery that prostate cancer (PCa) growth after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, researchers have been looking for new effective ways to block the action of

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Zhu Wang School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Department of Urology, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China

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Dinglan Wu School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
The Clinical Innovation & Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China

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Chi-Fai Ng Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Shan Yu School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Yuliang Wang School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Franky L Chan School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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basis of hormone therapy for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation by castration or AR-axis targeted therapy by antiandrogens) by targeting mainly the AR-axis signaling, as proposed originally by Huggins and Hodges in the 1940s ( Huggins & Hodges 1941

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