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Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth most common cause of death in men worldwide ( Sung et al. 2021 ). Although the aetiology of PCa is multifactorial, genomics is a key variable
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notably prostate cancer. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of male cancer death in most western countries, including the United States ( Denmeade & Isaacs 2002 , Jemal et al. 2006
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cancer (PCa) ( Huggins & Hodges 1941 ). Androgens, as well as estrogens and progesterone, appear to play a significant role in not only carcinogenesis, but also on the progression of PCa. Castration remains the primary treatment for advanced prostate
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Introduction Diabetes and prostate cancer (PCa) are two major, growing health problems that affect millions of men worldwide. PCa is the most common solid organ cancer in men in the USA, Canada and Australia, and the second most common cancer in men
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Introduction For the past 70 years, androgen-deprivation therapy has remained the mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer. Although most prostate cancers initially respond to androgen deprivation, many will ultimately progress to lethal castration
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and the second most common cause of cancer death in men in the United States ( Siegel et al. 2016 ). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), using surgical or chemical castration, is
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Introduction Androgens play important roles in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer ( Lopez-Otin & Diamandis 1998 ). In addition, the in situ production of androgens has been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis and
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Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in developed countries. Characteristically, prostate cancer depends on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for its carcinogenesis, development, and progression ( Basu
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Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Introduction Ever since the discovery that prostate cancer (PCa) growth after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, researchers have been looking for new effective ways to block the action of
Department of Urology, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
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The Clinical Innovation & Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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basis of hormone therapy for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation by castration or AR-axis targeted therapy by antiandrogens) by targeting mainly the AR-axis signaling, as proposed originally by Huggins and Hodges in the 1940s ( Huggins & Hodges 1941
