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Luca Morandi Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology ‘M. Malpighi’ at Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Alberto Righi Department of Pathology, Rizzoli Institute, (IRCCS), Bologna, Italy

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Francesca Maletta Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Paola Rucci Section of Hygiene and Biostatistics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Fabio Pagni Department of Pathology, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy

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Marco Gallo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Sabrina Rossi Department of Pathology, Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy

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Leonardo Caporali Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (IRCCS), Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy

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Anna Sapino Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy

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Ricardo V Lloyd University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Sofia Asioli Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology ‘M. Malpighi’ at Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Introduction Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy. The vast majority of thyroid tumors originate from thyroid follicular cells and encompasses well-differentiated papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma. Its

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Maria Isabel C Vieira Cordioli Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039‐032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Lais Moraes Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039‐032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Adriano Namo Cury Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039‐032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Janete M Cerutti Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 andar, 04039‐032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

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rates are also increasing significantly in children and adolescents. Among DTC, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for nearly 90% and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) accounts for about 5–10% of all thyroid cancer that occurs in the pediatric

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Mahdi Fallah Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Health Care Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Kristina Sundquist Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Health Care Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Kari Hemminki Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Health Care Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Health Care Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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nuclear family ( Amundadottir et al . 2004 ). Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is the third most common thyroid neoplasm (3–10%) after papillary (50–80%) and follicular (10–40%) carcinomas ( Hundahl et al . 1998 , Boyle 2008 , Pacini et al . 2010

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Adam Stenman Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Samuel Backman Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Klara Johansson Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Johan O Paulsson Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Peter Stålberg Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jan Zedenius Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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C Christofer Juhlin Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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-cell derived neoplasia denoted as pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma (pPTC) or pediatric follicular thyroid carcinoma, while small subsets of cases are derived from the parafollicular C-cells; namely pediatric medullary thyroid carcinoma. As in adult

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Sasha R Howard Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

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Sarah Freeston Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

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Barney Harrison Retired Endocrine Surgeon, Sheffield, UK

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Louise Izatt Department of Clinical and Cancer Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Sonali Natu Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK

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Kate Newbold Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Sabine Pomplun Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Helen A Spoudeas Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Sophie Wilne Department of Paediatric Oncology, Nottingham University Hospital’s NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK

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Tom R Kurzawinski Department of Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrine Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Mark N Gaze Department of Clinical Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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differentiated thyroid carcinoma ( Papendieck et al. 2011 ). In a CYP with a thyroid nodule found to have a low serum TSH, thyroid scintigraphy Iodine 123 or Technetium 99m pertechnetate can help to determine whether the nodule contains autonomously functioning

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Libero Santarpia Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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George A Calin Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Liana Adam Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Lei Ye Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Alfredo Fusco Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Serena Giunti Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Christina Thaller Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Laura Paladini Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Xinna Zhang Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Camilo Jimenez Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Francesco Trimarchi Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Adel K El-Naggar Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Robert F Gagel Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Experimental Therapeutics , Urology, Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Introduction Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumour thought to originate from neural crest parafollicular C-cells. Approximately 25% of MTC cases occur in the context of autosomal dominant multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome

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Tanner Freeman Department of Pathology, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Charit Taneja Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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N Paul Ohori Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Abigail I Wald Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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John Skaugen Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Linwah Yip Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Seungwon Kim Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Robert L Ferris Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Marina N Nikiforova Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Somak Roy Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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the thyroid gland, primary tumors from multiple organ systems, including but not limited to the kidney, breast, lung, esophagus, and uterus, can metastasize to the thyroid gland ( Nakhjavani 1997 , Nixon 2017 ). Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often

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Haleh Vosgha Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

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Armin Ariana Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

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Robert Anthony Smith Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Alfred King-yin Lam Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

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Introduction Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is one of the most aggressive and chemotherapy-resistant types of all thyroid carcinomas. The majority of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma die within a year of diagnosis ( Lo et al . 1999

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Alyaksandr V Nikitski Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Marina N Nikiforova Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Linwah Yip Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Esra Karslioglu-French Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sally E Carty Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction The current classification of follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer recognizes (i) well-differentiated cancer types, including papillary carcinoma (PC), follicular carcinoma (FC), and Hurtle cell carcinoma (HCC); (ii) poorly

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Eric Y Lian Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Sarah M Maritan Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Jessica G Cockburn Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Katayoon Kasaian Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Mathieu J F Crupi Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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David Hurlbut Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Steven J M Jones Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Sam M Wiseman Department of Surgery, St Paul’s Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Lois M Mulligan Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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and a cell surface co-receptor (GFRα) ( Airaksinen & Saarma 2002 ). However, RET can also act as an oncogene and is implicated in development and progression of multiple human cancers, most notably carcinomas of the thyroid ( Prescott & Zeiger 2015

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