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Maya Dadiani Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Dalia Seger Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Tamar Kreizman Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Daria Badikhi Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Raanan Margalit Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Raya Eilam Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Hadassa Degani Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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necessary to elucidate the cascade of molecular events downstream of the estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). Both receptors mediate the activity of estrogen in a variety of normal and malignant cells and tissues, with the levels of the two receptors

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Silvia Darb-Esfahani
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Ralph M Wirtz Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Bruno V Sinn
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Jan Budczies
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Aurelia Noske
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Wilko Weichert
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Areeg Faggad
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Susanne Scharff Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Jalid Sehouli Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Guelten Oskay-Özcelik Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Claudio Zamagni Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Pierandrea De Iaco Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Andrea Martoni Institute of Pathology, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical Oncology Unit, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany

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Manfred Dietel
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Carsten Denkert
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Using immunohistochemistry, we evaluated ERα protein expression in ovarian carcinoma. We found a highly significant correlation between ER-protein expression and the results of the quantitative PCR ( P <0.0001; Kruskal–Wallis test); however, there was a

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Maxy De los Santos Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Olaia Martínez-Iglesias Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Ana Aranda Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Introduction Estrogen plays a key role in normal breast development, as well as in growth and progression of breast cancer. The biological actions of estrogen are mediated by binding to nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). In breast cancer

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Cameron M Armstrong Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Autumn R Billimek Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Kimberly F Allred Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Joseph M Sturino Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Brad R Weeks Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Clinton D Allred Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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plate reader at 415 nm, and the final E 2 concentrations were determined by comparison with standards using the formula supplied in the kit. Immunohistochemistry for ERβ, ERα, and BrdU From the PFA-fixed tissues, 4 μm sections were taken. The sections

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Steven M Hill Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Victoria P Belancio Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Robert T Dauchy Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Shulin Xiang Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Samantha Brimer Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Lulu Mao Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Adam Hauch Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Peter W Lundberg Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Whitney Summers Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Lin Yuan Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Tripp Frasch Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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David E Blask Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Surgery, Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Circadian Cancer Biology Group, Tulane Center for Circadian Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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actions in ERα-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Employing MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, we reported that melatonin-activated MT 1 receptors couple to Gα i2 , Gα i3 , Gα q , and Gα 11 proteins ( Lai et al . 2008 ). Overexpression of the MT 1

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Lesley-Ann Martin
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Ian Farmer
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Stephen R D Johnston
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Simak Ali
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Mitch Dowsett
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patients who have relapsed on aromatase inhibitors with high doses of E2 may exploit this phenomenon providing clinical benefit. Further analysis of our LTED cell line showed a marked elevation in ERα which was phosphorylated on serine 118 (Ser 118

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Evangelia-Ourania Fourkala Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Alexey Zaikin Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Matthew Burnell Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Jeremy Ford Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Richard Gunu Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Christina Soromani Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Guido Hasenbrink Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Ian Jacobs Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Anne Dawnay Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Martin Widschwendter Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Hella Lichtenberg-Fraté Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Usha Menon Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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attractive alternative for breast cancer risk assessment. We found that estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ serum bioactivity (SB) are independently associated with breast cancer using samples collected at diagnosis ( Widschwendter et al . 2009 ). To better

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T M Sadler Department of Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middle Town Road, Pearl River, New York, New York 10965, USA

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M Gavriil Department of Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middle Town Road, Pearl River, New York, New York 10965, USA

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T Annable Department of Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middle Town Road, Pearl River, New York, New York 10965, USA

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P Frost Department of Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middle Town Road, Pearl River, New York, New York 10965, USA

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L M Greenberger Department of Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middle Town Road, Pearl River, New York, New York 10965, USA

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Y Zhang Department of Oncology, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middle Town Road, Pearl River, New York, New York 10965, USA

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breast cancer and stimulates tumor growth through estrogen receptor-α (ERα), which is a member of a large family of ligand-inducible transcription factors ( McKenna & O’Malley 2001 , Reid et al. 2002 , Germain et al. 2003 ). Upon binding to its

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Tobias Zellweger
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Susanne Stürm Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Silvia Rey Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Inti Zlobec Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Joel R Gsponer Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Cyrill A Rentsch Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Luigi M Terracciano Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Alexander Bachmann Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Lukas Bubendorf Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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Christian Ruiz Department of Urology, Institute for Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Department of Urology, St Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

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, evidence has accumulated that estrogens and their corresponding receptors (ERα and ERβ) can significantly influence PC growth and progression. Both receptors are expressed in the adult prostate, but whereas ERα expression appears to be restricted to the

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E M Rosen Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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S Fan Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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C Isaacs Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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activator BRG1, the cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1)), and other transcriptional regulatory proteins ( Rosen et al. 2003 ). BRCA1 regulation of steroid hormone receptor action Estrogen receptor (ER-α) A

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