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Kakoli Das Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456
Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Pia D N Lorena Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Lai Kuan Ng Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Diana Lim Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Liang Shen Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Woei Yun Siow Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Ming Teh Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Juergen K V Reichardt Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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Manuel Salto-Tellez Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456
Cancer Science Institute, Department of Pathology, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Urology, Plunkett Chair of Molecular Biology (Medicine), National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117456

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testosterone directly to activate ARs. The DHT–AR complex then binds to nuclear DNA sequences known as androgen response elements, which promote transcription of the target genes involved in prostate cell homeostasis, angiogenesis, differentiation, and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-10-0022
Volume/Issue:
Volume 17: Issue 3
Free access
Stephen A Boorjian
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Hannelore V Heemers
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Igor Frank
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Sara A Farmer Department of Urology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1742, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Lucy J Schmidt
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Thomas J Sebo Department of Urology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1742, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Donald J Tindall
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the recruitment of repressor proteins to the androgen-response element of the AR promoter in UMUC3 cells, thereby inhibiting its transcriptional complex. In the tissue specimens from patients with bladder cancer, we detected high levels of coactivator

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-08-0124
Volume/Issue:
Volume 16: Issue 1
Free access
Kamilla Malinowska Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Hannes Neuwirt Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Ilaria T Cavarretta Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Jasmin Bektic Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Hannes Steiner Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Hermann Dietrich Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Patrizia L Moser Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Dietmar Fuchs Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Alfred Hobisch Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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Zoran Culig Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Urology, Department of Urology

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the nucleus, the ligand-AR complex binds to specific androgen response elements, interacts with coactivators and modulates the expression of androgen-regulated genes. Several mechanisms implicated in prostate cancer progression are AR-related. They

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-08-0174
Volume/Issue:
Volume 16: Issue 1
Free access
Atsushi Mizokami
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Eitetsu Koh
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Kouji Izumi
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Kazutaka Narimoto
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Masashi Takeda
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Seijiro Honma Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Teikoku Hormone MFG. Co., Departments of Urology and Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa City 920-8640, Japan

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Jinlu Dai Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Teikoku Hormone MFG. Co., Departments of Urology and Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa City 920-8640, Japan

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Evan T Keller Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Teikoku Hormone MFG. Co., Departments of Urology and Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa City 920-8640, Japan

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Mikio Namiki
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luciferase reporter plasmid, pGL-5.8PSAp, driven by a 5.8 kb PSA promoter including androgen-response elements ( Mizokami et al . 2000 ). Twelve hours after transfection, LNCaP cells were cocultured with 5×10 4 stromal cells for 12 h, followed by the

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-09-0070
Volume/Issue:
Volume 16: Issue 4
Free access
Kristina V Wells Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA

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Margaret L Krackeler Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA

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Maitreyee K Jathal Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, California, USA

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Mamta Parikh Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA

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Paramita M Ghosh Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, California, USA
Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA

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J Kent Leach Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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Damian C Genetos Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA

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translocate to the nucleus, where it binds to the promoters of target genes at sequences called the androgen response element (ARE). Both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulate OB precursors and may also promote OB differentiation. By

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-22-0360
Volume/Issue:
Volume 30: Issue 9
Free access
Jennifer L Bishop The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6
The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6

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Alastair Davies The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6
The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6

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Kirsi Ketola The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6
The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6

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Amina Zoubeidi The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6
The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H‐3Z6

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of tumors. Targeting androgen response-driven cellular plasticity to improve patient outcomes Suppressing AR signaling remains the focus of therapeutic strategies for advanced PCa, which is justified given the success of second-generation anti

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-15-0137
Volume/Issue:
Volume 22: Issue 3
Free access
Yulia Koryakina Department of Microbiology Immunology, and Cancer Biology

UVA Cancer Center University of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Huy Q Ta Department of Microbiology Immunology, and Cancer Biology

UVA Cancer Center University of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Daniel Gioeli Department of Microbiology Immunology, and Cancer Biology

UVA Cancer Center University of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
Department of Microbiology Immunology, and Cancer Biology

UVA Cancer Center University of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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in LNCaP cells showed that phosphorylated S81 AR binds to chromatin. However, phosphorylation on this site is not required for chromatin binding; sequential rounds of ChIP suggest that the non-phosphorylated S81 AR also binds to androgen-response

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0472
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 4
Free access
Benjamin C Thomas Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Jonathan D Kay Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK

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Suraj Menon Bioinformatics and Statistics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Astra Zeneca, 2 Riverside, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK

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Sarah L Vowler Bioinformatics and Statistics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Astra Zeneca, 2 Riverside, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK

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Sarah N Dawson Bioinformatics and Statistics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Laura J Bucklow Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Hayley J Luxton Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK

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Thomas Johnston Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Charlie E Massie Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular and Computational Diagnostics Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Michelle Pugh Genomics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Anne Y Warren Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Peter Barker National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Keith Burling National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Andy G Lynch Computational Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Anne George Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Johanna Burge Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Marie Corcoran Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Sara Stearn Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Alastair D Lamb Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Naomi L Sharma Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Greg L Shaw Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street, London, UK

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David E Neal Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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Hayley C Whitaker Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK

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binding to DNA via androgen response elements where it regulates the transcription of androgen-regulated genes ( Claessens et al . 2014 ). Due to the importance of the AR signalling axis, treatment for prostate cancer relies upon blocking the production

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-16-0287
Volume/Issue:
Volume 23: Issue 10
Free access
Alan P Lombard Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA
Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA
Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA

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Maria Mudryj Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA
Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA

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AR is released from heat shock proteins (HSP), becomes phosphorylated, forms a homodimer, and translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the AR binds to androgen response elements in the genome, and along with co

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-15-0209
Volume/Issue:
Volume 22: Issue 5
Free access
Huy Q Ta Department of Microbiology, UVA Cancer Center, Immunology, and Cancer Biology

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Daniel Gioeli Department of Microbiology, UVA Cancer Center, Immunology, and Cancer Biology
Department of Microbiology, UVA Cancer Center, Immunology, and Cancer Biology

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acts as a transcription factor ( Evans 1988 , Mangelsdorf et al . 1995 , Gelmann 2002 ). Upon androgen binding, there is a change in the complement of AR-associated proteins as the AR shuttles to the nucleus and binds as homodimers to androgen-response

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0217
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 5
Free access