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Louis de Mestier Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Beaujon Hospital, Paris 7 University, APHP, Clichy, France

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Jean-Baptiste Danset Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, European Georges-Pompidou Hospital, APHP, Paris, France

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Cindy Neuzillet Department of Digestive Oncology, Beaujon Hospital, Paris 7 University, APHP, Clichy, France

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Vinciane Rebours Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Beaujon Hospital, Paris 7 University, APHP, Clichy, France

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Jérôme Cros Department of Pathology, Beaujon Hospital, Paris 7 University, APHP, Clichy, France

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Nadem Soufir Department of Genetics, Bichat Hospital, Paris 7 University, APHP, Clichy, France

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Pascal Hammel Department of Digestive Oncology, Beaujon Hospital, Paris 7 University, APHP, Clichy, France

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) Consortium published guidelines on the management of patients with increased risk for familial PDAC ( Canto et al. 2013 ). The aim of screening is to detect and remove precancerous lesions such as multifocal high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia

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Ulrich-Frank Pape Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Uta Berndt Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Michael Böhmig Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum
Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Stephanie Roll Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Martin Koch Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Stefan N Willich Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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Bertram Wiedenmann Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute for Social Medicine, Institute for Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum

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48.1/51.9% 78% 63% Primary tumour characteristics Primary tumour localization is detailed in Table 1 . NET of the stomach included 20 cases of ECLomas (type-I gastric NET), 11 sporadic low-grade malignant NET (type III) and 4 high-grade malignant NET

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Chen-Tian Shen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China

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Zhong-Ling Qiu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China

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Quan-Yong Luo Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China

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hypertension. When available, all-grade (1–4) and high-grade (3–4) events according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE Version 3.0; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA) were included in the meta-analysis. Statistical analyses

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Igryl S Cordero-Hernandez Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Alicia C Ross Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Arvind Dasari Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Daniel M Halperin Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Beth Chasen Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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James C Yao Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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(mitotic rate, Ki-67 index) according to the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system ( Rindi et al. 2022 ). NEC are poorly differentiated high-grade neoplasms by definition and have a high proliferation index. While NET and NEC are

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G Rindi
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C Klersy Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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F Inzani
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G Fellegara Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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L Ampollini Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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A Ardizzoni Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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N Campanini Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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P Carbognani Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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T M De Pas Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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D Galetta Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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P L Granone Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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L Righi Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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M Rusca Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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L Spaggiari Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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M Tiseo Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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G Viale Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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M Volante Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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M Papotti Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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G Pelosi Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Service of Pathology, Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy

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. 1998 , Marchevsky et al . 2001 , Iyoda et al . 2007 , den Bakker et al . 2010 , Righi et al . 2010 , Ha et al . 2012 ). The clinical significance of distinguishing between high-grade LCNEC and SCLC is not clear due to the overlapping survival

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Diana Lim Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

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Joanne Ngeow Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore

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be associated with BRCA mutations, such as basal-like or triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas (HGOSC). Few studies have included other biomarker analyses as part of their recruitment criteria ( Table 1

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Stefan Zoltán Lutz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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Tilman Todenhöfer Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Robert Wagner Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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Jörg Hennenlotter Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Jana Marlene Ferchl Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Marcus Oliver Scharpf Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Peter Martus Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Harald Staiger Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Andreas Fritsche Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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Arnulf Stenzl Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Hans-Ulrich Häring Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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Martin Heni Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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comparable PSA levels argue against this possibility. In conclusion, we report higher prevalence of lymph node metastasis and more high-grade tumors in men with PCa and coexistent type 2 diabetes. These findings may in part explain the worse outcome in

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Mei Dong Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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James C Yao Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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higher tendency of local recurrence (3–23%) and metastasis (16–23%) and a lower 5-year survival rate of 30–95% ( Travis et al . 1998 , Kaplan et al . 2003 ), and high-grade tumors, more properly classified as small cell or large cell neuroendocrine

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Hiroki Ide Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Taichi Mizushima Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Guiyang Jiang Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Takuro Goto Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Yujiro Nagata Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Yuki Teramoto Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Satoshi Inoue Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Yi Li Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Eiji Kashiwagi Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Alexander S Baras Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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George J Netto Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

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Takashi Kawahara Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Hiroshi Miyamoto Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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corresponding benign-appearing urothelial tissues. All 51 patients with high-grade muscle-invasive tumor ultimately underwent radical cystectomy. Tumor progression was evaluated separately in 78 cases with non-muscle-invasive tumor (i.e. development of high-grade

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Adam W Nelson Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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Wayne D Tilley Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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David E Neal Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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Jason S Carroll Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN – a premalignant histological phenotype which, especially when high grade or multifocal, is a recognised risk factor for the development of invasive prostate cancer ( Nelson et al . 2003 , Merrimen et al . 2009 )), whereas ArKO

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