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Chiara Verdelli Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Irene Forno Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Annamaria Morotti Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Endocrine Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy

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Riccardo Maggiore Endocrine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Gilberto Mari Endocrine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Leonardo Vicentini Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Stefano Ferrero Endocrine Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Elisabetta Kuhn Endocrine Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Valentina Vaira Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Sabrina Corbetta Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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glands ( Rahbari et al . 2011 , Hu et al . 2018 ). Besides, miR-296-5p was downregulated in parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas compared with normal glands ( Corbetta et al . 2010 ). MicroRNA-126-3p and miRNA-126-5p are both derived from the pre

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Annu Makker Post Graduate Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Madhu Mati Goel Post Graduate Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India

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progression ( Thiery 2002 ). Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the major molecular pathways and transcription factors associated with EMT program in EEC. Several microRNAs regulate the EMT inducing signaling pathways and the core EMT regulators. Sharp arrows

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Teeranut Asavasupreechar Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Ryoko Saito-Koyama Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan
Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Yasuhiro Miki Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Keiichi Tamai Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Jiro Abe Division of Thoracic Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Chihiro Inoue Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Ikuro Sato Division of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit Department of Clinical Chemistry and Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Hironobu Sasano Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan

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outcomes in breast cancer and NSCLC remains unclear. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play important roles in PR regulation ( Renthal et al. 2010 , Wendler et al. 2011 , Yang & Wang 2011 ). Progesterone and PR regulate the

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Marion T Weigel The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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Mitch Dowsett The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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in their blood. In addition, the occurrence of tumor-specific microRNA species in the tumor and blood of breast cancer patients has been investigated. Specific expression patterns have been described ( Iorio et al . 2005 , Mattie et al . 2006

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A R Glover Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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J T Zhao Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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J C Ip Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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J C Lee Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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B G Robinson Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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A J Gill Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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P S H Soon Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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S B Sidhu Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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being greatly advanced by the advent of high-throughput genomic medicine, which has shown that ACCs have distinct genome-wide expression, microRNA expression and methylation profiles compared with adrenal cortical adenomas (ACAs) and normal adrenal

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Michael A Hahn Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Viive M Howell Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Anthony J Gill Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Adele Clarkson Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Graham Weaire-Buchanan Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Bruce G Robinson Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Leigh Delbridge Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Oliver Gimm Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Wolfgang D Schmitt Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Bin T Teh Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Deborah J Marsh Hormones and Cancer Group, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Institute of Pathology, Van Andel Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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regulate parafibromin, or still other mechanisms of regulatory inactivation such as targeting by microRNAs ( Ross et al . 2007 , Corbetta et al . 2009 ). Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

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Patricia L M Dahia Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Roderick Clifton-Bligh Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Genetics Department, Paris, France
Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain

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Mercedes Robledo AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Genetics Department, Paris, France
Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain

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Camilo Jimenez Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain

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Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are adrenal or extra-adrenal autonomous nervous system-derived tumors. Most PPGLs are benign, but approximately 15% progress with metastases (mPPGLs). mPPGLs are more likely to occur in patients with large pheochromocytomas, sympathetic paragangliomas, and norepinephrine-secreting tumors. Older subjects, those with larger tumors and synchronous metastases, advance more rapidly. Germline mutations of SDHB, FH, and possibly SLC25A11, or somatic MAML3 disruptions relate to a higher risk for metastatic disease. However, it is unclear whether these mutations predict outcome. Once diagnosed, there are no well-established predictors of outcome in mPPGLs, and aggressive tumors have few therapeutic options and limited response. High-specific activity (HSA) metaiodine-benzyl-guanidine (MIBG) is the first FDA approved treatment and shows clinical effectiveness for MIBG-avid mPPGLs. Ongoing and future investigations should involve validation of emerging candidate outcome biomarkers, including somatic ATRX, TERT, and microRNA disruptions and identification of novel prognostic indicators. Long-term effect of HSA-MIBG and the role of other radiopharmaceuticals should be investigated. Novel trials targeting molecular events prevalent in SDHB/FH mutant tumors, such as activated hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF2), angiogenesis, or other mitochondrial defects that might confer unique vulnerability to these tumors should be developed and initiated. As therapeutic options are anticipated to expand, multi-institutional collaborations and well-defined clinical and molecular endpoints will be critical to achieve higher success rates in improving care for patients with mPPGLs.

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Anila Hashmi A Hashmi, Liverpool Hospital- Pathology Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia

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Alexander Papachristos A Papachristos, Endocrine Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia

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Stan B Sidhu S Sidhu, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, sydney, Australia

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Gyorgy Hutvagner G Hutvagner, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy characterised by diagnostic challenges, high recurrence rates, and poor prognosis. This study explored the role microRNA (miRNA) processing genes in ACC, and their potential role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We analysed the mRNA expression levels of miRNA machinery components (DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, RAN, DICER, TARBP2 and AGO2) utilising mRNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) projects. Additionally, protein levels were quantified in tissue samples from the Kolling Institute of Medical Research's tumour bank. Our results demonstrated that among all miRNA processing components, AGO2 exhibited significant overexpression in ACC compared to the normal adrenal cortex (NAC) and benign adrenal adenoma (AA) (p < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that higher AGO2 expression correlated with significantly worse overall survival in ACC patients (HR 7.07, p < 0.001). Among 32 cancer types in TCGA, the prognostic significance of AGO2 was most prominent in ACC. This study is the first to report AGO2's potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ACC, emphasising its significance in ACC pathogenesis and potential application as a non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarker.

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The journal and typesetter apologise for an error that occurred in the paper by Lassalle et al . in the October 2011 issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer 18 579–594 entitled ‘Can the microRNA signature distinguish between thyroid tumors of

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Myriem Boufraqech Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Lisa Zhang Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Meenu Jain Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Dhaval Patel Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Ryan Ellis Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Yin Xiong Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Mei He Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Naris Nilubol Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Maria J Merino Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Electron Kebebew Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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mutations occur as mutually exclusive genetic events and can result in microRNA (miRNA) and epigenetic changes. miRNAs are short (∼19–22 nucleotides), highly conserved noncoding RNA sequences that bind to the 3′-UTR of multiple transcripts. Several studies

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