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Endocrine Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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glands ( Rahbari et al . 2011 , Hu et al . 2018 ). Besides, miR-296-5p was downregulated in parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas compared with normal glands ( Corbetta et al . 2010 ). MicroRNA-126-3p and miRNA-126-5p are both derived from the pre
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progression ( Thiery 2002 ). Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the major molecular pathways and transcription factors associated with EMT program in EEC. Several microRNAs regulate the EMT inducing signaling pathways and the core EMT regulators. Sharp arrows
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Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Tōhoku, Japan
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outcomes in breast cancer and NSCLC remains unclear. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play important roles in PR regulation ( Renthal et al. 2010 , Wendler et al. 2011 , Yang & Wang 2011 ). Progesterone and PR regulate the
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The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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in their blood. In addition, the occurrence of tumor-specific microRNA species in the tumor and blood of breast cancer patients has been investigated. Specific expression patterns have been described ( Iorio et al . 2005 , Mattie et al . 2006
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Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
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Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
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Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
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Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Endocrinology, Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
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being greatly advanced by the advent of high-throughput genomic medicine, which has shown that ACCs have distinct genome-wide expression, microRNA expression and methylation profiles compared with adrenal cortical adenomas (ACAs) and normal adrenal
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regulate parafibromin, or still other mechanisms of regulatory inactivation such as targeting by microRNAs ( Ross et al . 2007 , Corbetta et al . 2009 ). Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that
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Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are adrenal or extra-adrenal autonomous nervous system-derived tumors. Most PPGLs are benign, but approximately 15% progress with metastases (mPPGLs). mPPGLs are more likely to occur in patients with large pheochromocytomas, sympathetic paragangliomas, and norepinephrine-secreting tumors. Older subjects, those with larger tumors and synchronous metastases, advance more rapidly. Germline mutations of SDHB, FH, and possibly SLC25A11, or somatic MAML3 disruptions relate to a higher risk for metastatic disease. However, it is unclear whether these mutations predict outcome. Once diagnosed, there are no well-established predictors of outcome in mPPGLs, and aggressive tumors have few therapeutic options and limited response. High-specific activity (HSA) metaiodine-benzyl-guanidine (MIBG) is the first FDA approved treatment and shows clinical effectiveness for MIBG-avid mPPGLs. Ongoing and future investigations should involve validation of emerging candidate outcome biomarkers, including somatic ATRX, TERT, and microRNA disruptions and identification of novel prognostic indicators. Long-term effect of HSA-MIBG and the role of other radiopharmaceuticals should be investigated. Novel trials targeting molecular events prevalent in SDHB/FH mutant tumors, such as activated hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF2), angiogenesis, or other mitochondrial defects that might confer unique vulnerability to these tumors should be developed and initiated. As therapeutic options are anticipated to expand, multi-institutional collaborations and well-defined clinical and molecular endpoints will be critical to achieve higher success rates in improving care for patients with mPPGLs.
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Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy characterised by diagnostic challenges, high recurrence rates, and poor prognosis. This study explored the role microRNA (miRNA) processing genes in ACC, and their potential role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We analysed the mRNA expression levels of miRNA machinery components (DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, RAN, DICER, TARBP2 and AGO2) utilising mRNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) projects. Additionally, protein levels were quantified in tissue samples from the Kolling Institute of Medical Research's tumour bank. Our results demonstrated that among all miRNA processing components, AGO2 exhibited significant overexpression in ACC compared to the normal adrenal cortex (NAC) and benign adrenal adenoma (AA) (p < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that higher AGO2 expression correlated with significantly worse overall survival in ACC patients (HR 7.07, p < 0.001). Among 32 cancer types in TCGA, the prognostic significance of AGO2 was most prominent in ACC. This study is the first to report AGO2's potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ACC, emphasising its significance in ACC pathogenesis and potential application as a non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarker.
The journal and typesetter apologise for an error that occurred in the paper by Lassalle et al . in the October 2011 issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer 18 579–594 entitled ‘Can the microRNA signature distinguish between thyroid tumors of
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mutations occur as mutually exclusive genetic events and can result in microRNA (miRNA) and epigenetic changes. miRNAs are short (∼19–22 nucleotides), highly conserved noncoding RNA sequences that bind to the 3′-UTR of multiple transcripts. Several studies