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of life advantages by delaying the need for cytotoxic chemotherapy in some patients. Fulvestrant is the first in a novel class of anti-oestrogens — an oestrogen-receptor down-regulator ( Wakeling et al. 1991 , Robertson et al. 2001 ). Fulvestrant
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Ki67 ( Dowsett et al. 2005 a ; Fig. 1 ). This is in contrast to the much lower response rates judged on clinical criteria ( Smith et al. 2005 ). It indicates that nearly all oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast carcinomas have some dependence
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Introduction Breast cancer continues to affect one in ten women in the western world and despite the phenomenal advances in recent years, the mortality rate still remains at around 35%. Oestrogen receptors (ER) play a pivotal role in
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Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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local oestrogen production within the tumour microenvironment ( Bulun & Simpson 1994 , Simpson & Davis 2001 , Simpson et al . 2001 , Zhou et al . 2005 ). This is a particularly relevant mechanism in post-menopausal breast tumours as intra
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Introduction It is well documented that the mitogenic effects of oestrogens are critical in the progression of breast cancer. The effects of oestrogens are mediated by oestrogen receptors (ER)α and ERβ. Oestrogen binding to ERα
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Introduction Oestrogens seem to exert a protective role against development of colon cancer with a reduced relative risk (up to 0.56) in women currently receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) ( Grodstein et al. 1998
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importance for EGFR expression and its signalling to de novo and acquired anti-hormone resistance in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+), as well as ER-negative (ER −), breast tumour growth. erbB receptor signal transduction has invariably been associated
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Introduction Anti-hormones (notably the selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen), chemotherapy and modern radiotherapeutic approaches have collectively proved invaluable in the management of breast cancer, both as an
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cases have BRCA2 mutations and <1% are associated with BRCA1 mutations. BRCA2 mutations are found in 4–40% of familial MBC, compared with 5–10% of hereditary FBCs ( Sousa et al. 2013 ). Since 95% of MBC are oestrogen receptor positive (ER
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the Western world. Although administration of anti-oestrogenic compounds, exemplified by tamoxifen, are successful in approximately two-thirds of patients with oestrogen
