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Claudia Lanari Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Victoria Wargon Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Paola Rojas Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alfredo A Molinolo Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasia and is a leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Breast cancer ranks second overall in cancer mortality (10.9%) and accounts for 23% (1.38 million) of new

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Takashi Suzuki
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Yasuhiro Miki
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Yasuhiro Nakamura
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Takuya Moriya
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Kiyoshi Ito
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Noriaki Ohuchi
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Hironobu Sasano
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tissues including reproductive organs. A majority of breast carcinoma tissues express estrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptors, and estrogens greatly contribute to the growth of breast cancers. Breast carcinoma tissues have been demonstrated to process

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Xuan Chen Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Sixuan Liu Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xue Peng Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiangyun Zong Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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only functions in the ovary. In addition, studies found that anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) is expressed in the breast during the occurrence of breast cancer, which is a hormone-dependent tumor. This implies that AMH may be closely

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Daniel Medina Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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Introduction Breast cancer is a major cancer of women in the United States and Western Europe with approximately 211 000 new cases predicted in the United States in 2005 ( American Cancer Society 2005 ). Breast cancer accounted for

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Jianguang Ji
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Asta Fôrsti
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Jan Sundquist
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Kari Hemminki
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-binding globulin after twin pregnancy ( Thomas et al. 1998 , Hall 2003 ). These changes may influence the occurrence of hormone responsive cancers, such as breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers ( Neale et al. 2004 , 2005 a , Neale et al. b ). A slightly

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Patsy S H Soon Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Edward Kim Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Cindy K Pon Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Anthony J Gill Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Katrina Moore Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Andrew J Spillane Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Diana E Benn Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Robert C Baxter Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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signature to accurately predict disease outcome in breast cancer ( Wald et al . 2011 ). In patients with breast cancer, as in patients with other solid tumours, metastatic disease rather than the primary tumour is the main cause of death ( Sporn 1996 ). EMT

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Kevin C Knower Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Sarah Q To Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Yuet-Kin Leung Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Shuk-Mei Ho Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Colin D Clyne Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Introduction Normal growth and function of the mammary glands are dependent on the body's endocrine system. Many factors that influence breast cancer risk are therefore endocrine-associated processes, such as age at menopause, age at menarche

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Ana B Crujeiras Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain

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Angel Diaz-Lagares Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS); Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS) and CIBER de Cancer (CIBERONC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Olafur A Stefansson Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavic, Iceland

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Manuel Macias-Gonzalez CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain

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Juan Sandoval Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Juan Cueva Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS); Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS) and CIBER de Cancer (CIBERONC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Rafael Lopez-Lopez Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS); Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS) and CIBER de Cancer (CIBERONC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Sebastian Moran Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Jon G Jonasson Department of Pathology and the Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer society and Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Laufey Tryggvadottir Department of Pathology and the Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer society and Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Elinborg Olafsdottir Department of Pathology and the Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer society and Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Francisco J Tinahones CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain

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Marcos C Carreira Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain

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Felipe F Casanueva Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain

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Manel Esteller Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona and Instituto Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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( Seidell & Halberstadt 2015 ). Breast cancer, the leading cause of cancer diagnosis in women, is among the co-disorders associated with obesity. Overweight or obesity is a known risk factor for breast cancer ( Lorincz & Sukumar 2006 ), especially in

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Gavin P Vinson School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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Stewart Barker School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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John R Puddefoot School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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Introduction In the treatment of breast cancer, the various ways of removing the effects of oestrogen, first by surgery and then by the use of drugs, such as tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors, which block the actions of oestrogens or prevent

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Claudia Lanari Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Caroline A Lamb Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Victoria T Fabris Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Luisa A Helguero Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Rocío Soldati Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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María Cecilia Bottino Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Sebastián Giulianelli Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Juan Pablo Cerliani Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Victoria Wargon Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Alfredo Molinolo Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490 C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, CF, Argentina

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women (23% of all cancers), and it ranks second overall when both sexes are considered together ( Parkin et al . 2005 ). Most tumors are ductal infiltrating carcinomas expressing estrogen

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