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Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasia and is a leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Breast cancer ranks second overall in cancer mortality (10.9%) and accounts for 23% (1.38 million) of new
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tissues including reproductive organs. A majority of breast carcinoma tissues express estrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptors, and estrogens greatly contribute to the growth of breast cancers. Breast carcinoma tissues have been demonstrated to process
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only functions in the ovary. In addition, studies found that anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) is expressed in the breast during the occurrence of breast cancer, which is a hormone-dependent tumor. This implies that AMH may be closely
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Introduction Breast cancer is a major cancer of women in the United States and Western Europe with approximately 211 000 new cases predicted in the United States in 2005 ( American Cancer Society 2005 ). Breast cancer accounted for
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-binding globulin after twin pregnancy ( Thomas et al. 1998 , Hall 2003 ). These changes may influence the occurrence of hormone responsive cancers, such as breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers ( Neale et al. 2004 , 2005 a , Neale et al. b ). A slightly
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hormones and Cancer Group, Northern Clinical School, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Department of Surgery, Endocrine and Oncology Surgery, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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signature to accurately predict disease outcome in breast cancer ( Wald et al . 2011 ). In patients with breast cancer, as in patients with other solid tumours, metastatic disease rather than the primary tumour is the main cause of death ( Sporn 1996 ). EMT
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Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Introduction Normal growth and function of the mammary glands are dependent on the body's endocrine system. Many factors that influence breast cancer risk are therefore endocrine-associated processes, such as age at menopause, age at menarche
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
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Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS); Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS) and CIBER de Cancer (CIBERONC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavic, Iceland
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Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
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Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona and Instituto Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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( Seidell & Halberstadt 2015 ). Breast cancer, the leading cause of cancer diagnosis in women, is among the co-disorders associated with obesity. Overweight or obesity is a known risk factor for breast cancer ( Lorincz & Sukumar 2006 ), especially in
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Introduction In the treatment of breast cancer, the various ways of removing the effects of oestrogen, first by surgery and then by the use of drugs, such as tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors, which block the actions of oestrogens or prevent
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women (23% of all cancers), and it ranks second overall when both sexes are considered together ( Parkin et al . 2005 ). Most tumors are ductal infiltrating carcinomas expressing estrogen