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-secreting cells or the pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells in the islets of Langerhans ( Kuroda et al. 1995 ), a marked expression of VEGF has been observed by immunohistochemistry in human GEP-NETs ( Itakura et al. 2000 , La Rosa et al. 2003 ). Around

tumor cells . Cancer Research 60 4573 – 4581 . Yao JC 2007 Neuroendocrine tumors. Molecular targeted therapy for carcinoid and islet-cell carcinoma . Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21 163 – 172 doi:10.1016/j

islet cell neoplasm with only six reported cases in the literature, and the pathophysiology remains unknown ( Anthony et al. 1995 ). Soga et al. (1998) collected a total of 407 cases from the international literature. They reported that the 10-year

al. showed that tumors with these mutations had upregulated HNF1A expression and suppressed PDX1 expression, resembling the gene signature of alpha cells of pancreatic islets, and they were associated with shorter recurrence-free survival compared to

Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous family of neoplasms originating from neuroendocrine cells dispersed in different organs, most frequently in the digestive system and in the lungs. The last few decades have

neoplasms of the small intestine . American Journal of Surgery 151 654 – 658 . ( doi:10.1016/0002-9610(86)90035-8 ) Zollinger RM Ellison EH 1955 Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell tumors of the pancreas

with 15 patients with low-grade NETs (8 carcinoid tumors, 5 islet cell tumors), the non-specific GSK3α/β inhibitor lithium chloride caused no objective responses, and pre- and post-treatment tumor biopsies showed no consistent GSK3β inhibitory effects

, Doi R, Komoto I, Nishimura H, Son C, Fujikura J, Tomita T, Takaya K, Ogawa Y et al. 2002 Ghrelin expression in islet cell tumors: augmented expression of ghrelin in a case of glucagonoma with multiple endocrine neoplasm type I. Journal of Clinical

protein that is contained in the neurosecretory vesicles of neuroendocrine tumor cells, and has been identified in the plasma of patients with endocrine neoplasms. Plasma CGA concentrations are a more sensitive marker than urinary 5-HIAA levels in patients

). Apart from these tumors other lesions such as islet cell hyperplasia/enlargement, nesidioblastosis, and atypical or monohormonal endocrine cell clusters are frequently observed in the MEN1 pancreas, leading to different theories as to the cell of origin