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Esben Andreas Carlsen Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicola Fazio Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Dan Granberg Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Chiara Maria Grana Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Wouter T Zandee Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Jaroslaw Cwikla Medical School, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland

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Martin A Walter Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Peter Sandor Oturai Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anja Rinke Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Andrew Weaver Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Andrea Frilling Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sara Gritti Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Anne Kirstine Arveschoug Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Amichay Meirovitz Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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Ulrich Knigge Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Departments of Surgical Gastroenterology and Clinical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Halfdan Sorbye Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a very heterogeneous entity classified according to primary tumor location, stage, proliferation rate and differentiation. The 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification grades NEN

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Andrea Frilling
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Goran Åkerström Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Verona, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK

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Massimo Falconi Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Verona, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK

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Marianne Pavel Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Verona, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK

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Jose Ramos Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Verona, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK

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Mark Kidd Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Verona, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK

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Irvin Mark Modlin Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Verona, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK

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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are also referred to as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or ‘carcinoids’, although this term is archaic and should be discarded in favor of a nomenclature reflective of specific

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Ajay-Mohan Mohan Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Sonal Prasad Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Fabian Schmitz-Peiffer Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Catharina Lange Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Mathias Lukas Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Eva J Koziolek Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Jakob Albrecht Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Daniel Messroghli Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Preclinical MRI Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Ulrike Stein German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Translational Oncology of Solid Tumours, Berlin, Germany

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Matthias Ilmer German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Katharina Wang Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Laura Schober Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Astrid Reul Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland

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Julian Maurer Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Juliane Friemel Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Achim Weber Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Richard A Zuellig Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland

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Constanze Hantel Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland

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Ralph Fritsch Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Martin Reincke Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Karel Pacak Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Ashley B Grossman Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Christoph J Auernhammer Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
ENETS Centre of Excellence, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System at the University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Felix Beuschlein Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland

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Winfried Brenner Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Nicola Beindorff Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Svenja Nölting Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, University of Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland

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Organisation (WHO) classification ( Rindi et al. 2022 ) NECs fall under the class of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms which are characterised by abundant necrosis, a high Ki-67, small or large cell morphology and low expression of somatostatin

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Vivian Rosery Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Henning Reis Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Konstantinos Savvatakis Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Bernd Kowall Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Martin Stuschke Department of Radiotherapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Andreas Paul German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Alexander Dechêne Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine 6, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany

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JiaJin Yang Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Ben Zhao Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Arianna Borgers Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Stefan Kasper Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Martin Schuler Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Phyllis F Cheung Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Jens T Siveke Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are epithelial malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation. According to the WHO classification 2010, NEN of the gastrointestinal tract are classified based on their morphology and proliferative

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Bora E Baysal
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Eamonn R Maher Department of Pathology, Department of Medical Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA

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Introduction Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine neoplasms that may arise from parasympathetic or sympathetic paraganglia. In general, those arising from parasympathetic paraganglia are non-secretory, associated with head and neck paraganglia and are

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Marianne E Pavel Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology including Metabolic Diseases, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Christine Sers Institute of Pathology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) represent a diverse group of rare neoplasms, sharing features of endocrine and neuronal cells. The incidence is 2.5–5/100,000 population, and is still increasing ( Yao et al. 2008 a ). Most frequently

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Lisa Bodei Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
LuGenIum Consortium for Independent Research, Milan, Rotterdam, Bad Berka, London

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Irvin M Modlin LuGenIum Consortium for Independent Research, Milan, Rotterdam, Bad Berka, London
Emeritus Professor Gastroenterological Surgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Markus Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Flavio Forrer Nuclear Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland

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Marta Cremonesi Division of Health Physics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

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Rodney J Hicks Centre for Cancer Imaging, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew’s Place, East Melbourne, Australia

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Samer Ezziddin Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Saarland, Germany

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Mark Kidd Wren Laboratories, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Arturo Chiti Humanitas University, Milan, Italy

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Introduction It is now widely accepted that peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is an effective treatment for inoperable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), particularly well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) or

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Sara Molatore Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Andrea Kügler Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Martin Irmler Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Tobias Wiedemann Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Frauke Neff Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Annette Feuchtinger Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Johannes Beckers Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Freising, Germany

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Mercedes Robledo Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain

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Federico Roncaroli Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Natalia S Pellegata Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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suppressor ( Fero et al. 1996 , Kiyokawa et al. 1996 , Nakayama et al . 1996 ). Recently, a role for p27 in the pathogenesis of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has emerged. A spontaneous homozygous germline frameshift mutation in Cdkn1b encoding an

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Rami Alrezk The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Fady Hannah-Shmouni Section on Endocrinology & Genetics the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Constantine A Stratakis Section on Endocrinology & Genetics the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and pituitary adenomas ( Thakker et al . 2012 ). MEN2, a less common entity, is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and PHPT. MEN2 is further divided into MEN2A (OMIM

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V Fendrich
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C L Lopez
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J Manoharan
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K Maschuw
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S Wichmann
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A Baier
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J P Holler Department of General Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Endocrine Center, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany

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A Ramaswamy
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D K Bartsch
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J Waldmann
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Introduction Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) occur rarely with an annual incidence of 1/100 000 people, but their incidence is increasing steadily ( Oberg & Eriksson 2005 ). pNENs present as either functional pNENs or non

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