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K L Cheung Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK

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R Owers Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK

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J F R Robertson Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK

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of life advantages by delaying the need for cytotoxic chemotherapy in some patients. Fulvestrant is the first in a novel class of anti-oestrogens — an oestrogen-receptor down-regulator ( Wakeling et al. 1991 , Robertson et al. 2001 ). Fulvestrant

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M Dowsett
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S Johnston
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L-A Martin
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J Salter
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M Hills
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S Detre
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M C Gutierrez
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S K Mohsin
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J Shou
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D C Allred
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R Schiff
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C K Osborne
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I Smith
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Ki67 ( Dowsett et al. 2005 a ; Fig. 1 ). This is in contrast to the much lower response rates judged on clinical criteria ( Smith et al. 2005 ). It indicates that nearly all oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast carcinomas have some dependence

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Marie Mc Ilroy
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Fergal J Fleming
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Yvonne Buggy
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Arnold D K Hill
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Leonie S Young
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Introduction Breast cancer continues to affect one in ten women in the western world and despite the phenomenal advances in recent years, the mortality rate still remains at around 35%. Oestrogen receptors (ER) play a pivotal role in

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A L Chand Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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K A Herridge Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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E W Thompson Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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C D Clyne Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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local oestrogen production within the tumour microenvironment ( Bulun & Simpson 1994 , Simpson & Davis 2001 , Simpson et al . 2001 , Zhou et al . 2005 ). This is a particularly relevant mechanism in post-menopausal breast tumours as intra

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A Jansson Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden

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C Gunnarsson Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden

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O Stål Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden

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Introduction It is well documented that the mitogenic effects of oestrogens are critical in the progression of breast cancer. The effects of oestrogens are mediated by oestrogen receptors (ER)α and ERβ. Oestrogen binding to ERα

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Valentina Martineti
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Lucia Picariello
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Isabella Tognarini
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Silvia Carbonell Sala
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Alessia Gozzini
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Chiara Azzari
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Carmelo Mavilia
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Annalisa Tanini
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Alberto Falchetti
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Gianna Fiorelli
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Francesco Tonelli
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Maria Luisa Brandi
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Introduction Oestrogens seem to exert a protective role against development of colon cancer with a reduced relative risk (up to 0.56) in women currently receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) ( Grodstein et al. 1998

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A Agrawal
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E Gutteridge
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J M W Gee
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R I Nicholson
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J F R Robertson
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importance for EGFR expression and its signalling to de novo and acquired anti-hormone resistance in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+), as well as ER-negative (ER −), breast tumour growth. erbB receptor signal transduction has invariably been associated

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J M W Gee (UK)
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A Howell (UK)
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W J Gullick (UK)
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C C Benz (UK)
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L-A Martin (UK)
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F Ciardiello (UK)
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W R Miller (UK)
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M Dowsett (UK)
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P Barrett-Lee (UK)
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J F R Robertson (UK)
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S R Johnston (UK)
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H E Jones (UK)
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A E Wakeling (UK)
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R Duncan (UK)
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Introduction Anti-hormones (notably the selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen), chemotherapy and modern radiotherapeutic approaches have collectively proved invaluable in the management of breast cancer, both as an

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Ian S Fentiman Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK

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cases have BRCA2 mutations and <1% are associated with BRCA1 mutations. BRCA2 mutations are found in 4–40% of familial MBC, compared with 5–10% of hereditary FBCs ( Sousa et al. 2013 ). Since 95% of MBC are oestrogen receptor positive (ER

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Stephen Hiscox
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Nicola J Jordan
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Wen Jiang
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Maureen Harper
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Richard McClelland
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Chris Smith
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Robert I Nicholson
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the Western world. Although administration of anti-oestrogenic compounds, exemplified by tamoxifen, are successful in approximately two-thirds of patients with oestrogen

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