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Luke A Selth Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia

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Wayne D Tilley Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia

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Lisa M Butler Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia

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( Bernstein et al . 2003 ) and zebra fish ( Wienholds et al . 2003 ). miRNAs and cancer In addition to maintaining the normal growth, development, and health of an organism, miRNAs can influence the development and progression of malignancy. Indeed, altered

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Marion T Weigel The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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Mitch Dowsett The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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Introduction Breast cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer death in women, but there has been a sustained decline in mortality rates over the last decades. The incremental application of increasingly effective adjuvant medical

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Chiara Alessandra Cella Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Riccardo Cazzoli Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Metal Targeted Therapy & Immunology lab, Childrens’ cancer institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Nicola Fazio Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Giuseppina De Petro Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Germano Gaudenzi Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Silvia Carra Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Mauro Romanenghi Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Francesca Spada Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Ilaria Grossi Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Isabella Pallavicini Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Saverio Minucci Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Giovanni Vitale Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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applications in studying human diseases and cancer modeling ( Löhr & Hammerschmidt 2011 ). Vitale and colleagues have developed a reliable zebrafish model to investigate tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastatic behavior in NENs, based on the injection of human

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Mathieu Lupien Dartmouth Medical School, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA

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Myles Brown Dartmouth Medical School, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
Dartmouth Medical School, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA

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Characteristics of nuclear receptor cistromes Gene expression profiling of cancer has led to important new insights both in terms of classification and outcome. This is exemplified in breast cancer through studies where different subtypes of primary

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B Cioni Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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W Zwart Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A M Bergman Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Prostate cancer Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-most frequently diagnosed tumor type in men worldwide and the most-common male malignancy in developed countries ( Torre et al . 2015 ). Annually, there are an estimated 1.1 million new

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Elgene Lim Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Gerard Tarulli Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Neil Portman Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Theresa E Hickey Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Wayne D Tilley Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Carlo Palmieri Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, and Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK

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approximately 75% of all breast cancers. When present, ER drives neoplasia and is a bona fide therapeutic target. The underlying aim of current endocrine therapy is to either reduce ER activity or reduce receptor levels within breast cancer cells. Despite the

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Bruno M Simões Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Denis G Alferez Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Sacha J Howell Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Robert B Clarke Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Breast cancer stem cells The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory proposes a hierarchical organization of the cells within a tumor, where only a small subset of cells, the CSCs, is believed to drive and sustain tumor growth. CSCs are defined as self

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Larry J Suva Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research

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Robert J Griffin Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research

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Issam Makhoul Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics, Radiation Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Program, Hematology and Oncology, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research

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Introduction Cancer is a disorder of cell proliferation that involves a poorly characterized sequence of molecular events that include, uncontrolled cell proliferation, morphological and cellular transformation, angiogenesis, dysregulation of

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Kiranjit K Dhillon Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Ilirjana Bajrami The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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Toshiyasu Taniguchi Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Christopher J Lord The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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BRCA1 and BRCA2: discovery, genetics and biology Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Its familial form constitutes 5–10% of all breast cancers and has a dominant mode of inheritance and is characterised by earlier onset

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Andrew M K Law Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Elgene Lim Connie Johnson Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Christopher J Ormandy Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Gallego-Ortega Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Introduction In 1863 Rudolf Virchow, ‘the father of modern cellular pathology’, hypothesised a link between microinflammation and subsequent cancer development ( Balkwill & Mantovani 2001 ). The concept of harnessing the power of the immune

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