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Patsy Soon Cancer Genetics, Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry, Hormones and Cancer, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Level 9, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Cancer Genetics, Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry, Hormones and Cancer, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Level 9, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Hippokratis Kiaris Cancer Genetics, Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry, Hormones and Cancer, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Level 9, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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microenvironment and play a role in pathological and molecular events in human breast cancers ( Bronisz et al . 2012 ). miR-148a has been found to be significantly down-regulated in CAFs of endometrial cancer compared with matched normal fibroblasts. Up

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Hany Sadek Ayoub Ghaly School of Pharmacy (A15), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Pegah Varamini School of Pharmacy (A15), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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affinity to GnRH and its analogs), endometrial and ovarian adenocarcinomas (80%), breast cancer (50%), renal cancer (80%), and pancreatic cancer (50%) ( Nagy & Schally 2005 , Gründker et al. 2011 ). On a short arm of chromosome 8 (region 8p11.2, p21

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Marc T Goodman
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Galina Lurie
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Pamela J Thompson
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Katharine E McDuffie
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Michael E Carney Cancer Epidemiology Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

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. A variety of polymorphisms have been described in CYP19A1 , and these have been evaluated in association with breast cancer ( Haiman et al . 2003 , 2007 , Cai et al . 2008 ), endometrial cancer ( Paynter et al . 2005 , Tao et al . 2007 ), and

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Suzanne M Johnson MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK

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Manijeh Maleki-Dizaji MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK

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Jerry A Styles MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK

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Ian N H White MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK

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treatment confers a two- to sevenfold increased risk of developing endometrial pathologies ( Cohen et al. 1993 , McGonigle et al. 2006 ), including endometrial cancer ( Fisher et al. 1998 , Cohen 2004 ). Type 1 endometrial tumours are

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N Angelopoulos
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V Barbounis
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S Livadas
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D Kaltsas
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G Tolis
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tamoxifen differentially regulates human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression in breast and endometrial cancer cells, and this activity has been associated with the presence of an estrogen-sensitive element in the hTERT gene. The

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Anne Kendall Academic Department of Biochemistry, Wallace Wing, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK

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Mitch Dowsett Academic Department of Biochemistry, Wallace Wing, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK

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rates of endometrial cancer were seen in all prevention studies with a consensus relative risk of 2.4 (1.5–4.0; P = 0.0005). Most excess risk is seen in cases with age 50 or older. Thus far, no increase in endometrial cancer but similar thromboembolic

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F Labrie Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, 2705, Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada

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the adjuvant setting. Long-term treatment with tamoxifen, however, is well known to have side-effects related to the partial agonistic activity of this compound, especially the increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events

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Reetobrata Basu Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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irradiation challenge was consistent with that observed in non-tumor cells, as is reported in (i) GH treatment-induced post-irradiation survival and DNA damage repair in breast and endometrial cancer cells ( Bougen et al. 2012 ), (ii) suppression of GH

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Cheng-Chieh Lin School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Chia-Ing Li School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Chiu-Shong Liu School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Wen-Yuan Lin School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Ching-Chu Chen School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Sing-Yu Yang School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Cheng-Chun Lee School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Tsai-Chung Li School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of
School of Medicine, Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Public Health, Department of Neurology, Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Departments of

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Tjønneland A Olsen A Overvad K Jakobsen MU Chajés V 2007 Metabolic syndrome, plasma lipid, lipoprotein and glucose levels, and endometrial cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) . Endocrine

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Paolo Vigneri Section of General Pathology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences

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Francesco Frasca Section of General Pathology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences

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Laura Sciacca Section of General Pathology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences

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Giuseppe Pandini Section of General Pathology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences

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Riccardo Vigneri Section of General Pathology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences

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, colorectal, kidney, bladder, endometrial and breast cancers, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) is elevated in diabetic patients ( Table 1 ). Evidence for the association of diabetes with other cancers is not available, while for prostate cancer, a reduced incidence

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