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Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate, may occur in men as young as 40, or even younger, while prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, or enlargement of the prostate) are most often diagnosed in men above 50. While prostatitis
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men, and both genetic and environmental factors have been shown to be important for the development of this disease ( Novelli et al. 2004 ). More than 95
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Introduction Androgens are the major growth factors for the normal prostate, and its cognate receptor is fundamental for androgen signaling within the gland. Prostate cancers retain androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways and thus
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Introduction Prostate cancer represents one in ten cases of cancer in men, and 200 000 deaths per year, worldwide ( Parkin et al. 2001 ). Because the disease is more common among older men, its incidence is expected to
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway remains active in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (reviewed in Knudsen & Scher 2009 , Egan et al . 2014 , Kahn et al . 2014 ). Mechanisms leading to AR reactivation
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Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Oncology Branch, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8852, USA
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Introduction In 2009 alone, there were an estimated 192 280 new cases of prostate cancer and 27 360 estimated deaths due to prostate cancer in the United States ( Jemal et al . 2009 ). Depletion of gonadal testosterone through androgen deprivation
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA
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Introduction Localized prostate cancer can be treated with surgery; however, metastasized prostate cancer is usually treated with hormonal ablation. Improved diagnostic tools and earlier diagnosis has helped increase the 10-year survival of
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Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Prostate cancer Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-most frequently diagnosed tumor type in men worldwide and the most-common male malignancy in developed countries ( Torre et al . 2015 ). Annually, there are an estimated 1.1 million new
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Introduction Because the initiation and progression of prostate cancer depend on androgen receptors (AR) to mediate the androgen effect in most cases ( Chang et al. 1995 ), standard hormone therapy aims to inactivate AR
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, Forskningsparken, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in North American and European men. Despite the recent decrease in mortality rate in Nordic countries ( Kvale et al. 2017 ), PC represents the second leading cause of cancer
