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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Molecular Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Endocrine Tumors Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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expected that NIS transcription is under the control of several promoters and enhancers to regulate temporal and spatial expression in tissues. Substantial progress has been made in two tissue-specific contexts, the thyroid and mammary gland ( Fig. 1
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) 2 D 3 are underlined. VDR expression in human breast cancer cells The VDR is expressed in different cell types of the mammary gland, including the lobular and ductal epithelial cells, where it plays an important role in mammary gland
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, and 5% PEG 400). Before killing at 6 weeks of age, blood was collected for metabolic assays (see below). Both inguinal #4 mammary glands were carefully excised. One mammary gland was subjected to whole mount analysis (see below), the other gland was
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expression implies a potential role for ERβ as a modulator of the proliferative effects of estrogens ( Liu et al. 2002 ). ERα function determines normal mammary gland duct growth, angiogenesis, and somatogenesis ( Davis et al. 1994 , Eddy et
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, lactation or pregnancy (if lactation does not occur) leads to breast involution, which differentiates the mammary gland to its pre-pregnant quiescent state, initiating a tissue-remodeling program (characterized by massive epithelial cell death, macrophage
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stroma. ERα, in contrast, is less frequently expressed and generally its expression remains confined to the luminal epithelial compartment ( Speirs et al . 2002 ). ERα, however, appears to play a more important role in the normal mammary gland. Indeed
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. In addition, a substantial proportion of these tissues express PRL (reviewed in Ben-Jonathan et al. 1996 ) and for some, such as the mammary gland and prostate, PRL functions as an autocrine growth factor ( Ben-Jonathan et al. 1996 , Clevenger
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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College of Pharmacy, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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both efatutazone cohorts beginning at age 7 months, significantly shifting the reason for killing in the two different models ( Fig. 2A ). Fewer Brca1 WT/fl11/Cre/p53+/ − mice were killed for palpable mammary gland cancer than Brca1 fl11/fl11/Cre
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, commercial or not-for-profit sector. References Ambili M Jayasree K Sudhakaran PR 1998 60K gelatinase involved in mammary gland involution is regulated by beta-oestradiol . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1403 219 – 231 . doi:10.1016/S0167
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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-PCR followed by Southern hybridization, Spitzweg et al. (1998) reported that NIS expression was detected in the pituitary gland, pancreas, testis, mammary gland, gastric mucosa, prostate and ovary, adrenal gland, heart, thymus, and lung. Wapnir et al