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David P Rose Department of Surgery and Breast Cancer Research Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, PO Box 9238, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA

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Linda Vona-Davis Department of Surgery and Breast Cancer Research Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, PO Box 9238, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in American women, with the exception of non-melanomatous skin cancer, and is second only to lung cancer as the most common cause of cancer-related deaths ( American Cancer Society

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Myriem Boufraqech Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Lisa Zhang Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Meenu Jain Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Dhaval Patel Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Ryan Ellis Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Yin Xiong Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Mei He Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Naris Nilubol Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Maria J Merino Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Electron Kebebew Endocrine Oncology Branch Laboratory of Pathology National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Introduction The most common types of thyroid cancer are of follicular cell origin and can be classified as well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC), poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Although WDTC

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Kari Hemminki Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Seyed Mohsen Mousavi Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Andreas Brandt Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Jianguang Ji Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Jan Sundquist Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Introduction Testicular cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in young white men aged 15–35 years. The incidence of testicular cancer has increased in many countries, including Sweden, for unknown reasons ( Richiardi et al . 2004 , Boyle

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P This Service de Chirurgie à orientation Sénologique, Institut Curie, Paris, France. pthis@ch-versailles.fr

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A De La Rochefordière Service de Chirurgie à orientation Sénologique, Institut Curie, Paris, France. pthis@ch-versailles.fr

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K Clough Service de Chirurgie à orientation Sénologique, Institut Curie, Paris, France. pthis@ch-versailles.fr

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A Fourquet Service de Chirurgie à orientation Sénologique, Institut Curie, Paris, France. pthis@ch-versailles.fr

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H Magdelenat Service de Chirurgie à orientation Sénologique, Institut Curie, Paris, France. pthis@ch-versailles.fr

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Breast Cancer Group of the Institut Curie Service de Chirurgie à orientation Sénologique, Institut Curie, Paris, France. pthis@ch-versailles.fr

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The current extension of the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy, which predisposes to early menopause, and the media coverage of the benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have led patients with a history of breast cancer to seek treatments for estrogen deprivation. In breast cancer survivors, most physicians avoid HRT because of concern regarding the potential promotion of growth of occult malignant cells by estrogens, due to the estrogen dependence of breast cancer. Soy phytoestrogens are being promoted as the 'natural alternative' to HRT and have been available without restrictions for several years as nutritional supplements. In this paper, data on the complex mammary effects of phytoestrogens in epidemiological studies, in in vitro studies, as well as in in vivo studies on animal carcinogenesis are reviewed. The potential benefits and risks of phytoestrogens are analyzed, and the prescription of phytoestrogens to postmenopausal women after breast cancer and the coprescription with the anti-estrogen tamoxifen are discussed. The absence of controlled trials and technical checking of extraction and titration in these preparations on 'free sale' raise a new problem in terms of public health and justify close reasoning and a cautious attitude of physicians, as well as straight information given to women, especially after breast cancer.

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Erin E Swinstead Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Ville Paakinaho Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

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Gordon L Hager Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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chromatin accessibility occurs in cancers ( Denny et al . 2016 , Qu et al . 2017 ). Breast cancer is no exception, with alterations occurring in chromatin accessibility, TF action and regulation ( Jeselsohn et al . 2015 , D’Antonio et al . 2017

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Chellappagounder Thangavel Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Jeffry L Dean Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Adam Ertel Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Karen E Knudsen Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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C Marcelo Aldaz Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Agnieszka K Witkiewicz Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Robert Clarke Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Erik S Knudsen Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Introduction Current breast cancer treatment is based on the status of a limited number of molecular markers ( Bosco & Knudsen 2007 , Musgrove & Sutherland 2009 , Hammond et al . 2010 , Harris & McCormick 2010 ). Particularly, the status of the

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Dorota Dworakowska Department of Hypertension and Diabetes, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
Guys Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, UK
Endocard LTD, London, UK

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Ashley B Grossman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK

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gene playing a role in apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and genomic stability. The prognostic value of its expression has been previously assessed in many cancers ( Dworakowska et al. 2009 a ). Physiologic levels of p53 typically are not

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Maho Shibata Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Michael M Shen Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Introduction For the past 70 years, androgen-deprivation therapy has remained the mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer. Although most prostate cancers initially respond to androgen deprivation, many will ultimately progress to lethal castration

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William D Foulkes Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, 546 Pine Avenue West, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1S6

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various different ways. The development of the ‘two-hit’ hypothesis of carcinogenesis was a key event in cancer genetics because it provided a testable model of how tumours develop ( Knudson 1971 , 1978 ). Although there have been extensions and revisions

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Jennifer A Woyach Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, A438 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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Manisha H Shah Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, A438 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, A438 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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Background Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, and a disease whose incidence has been increasing over the past 20 years ( Davies & Welch 2006 ). This heterogeneous disease is classified into differentiated thyroid

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