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Introduction Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in American women, with the exception of non-melanomatous skin cancer, and is second only to lung cancer as the most common cause of cancer-related deaths ( American Cancer Society
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Introduction The most common types of thyroid cancer are of follicular cell origin and can be classified as well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC), poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Although WDTC
Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Primary Care Research, Karolinska Institute, Stanford Prevention Research Center, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Introduction Testicular cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in young white men aged 15–35 years. The incidence of testicular cancer has increased in many countries, including Sweden, for unknown reasons ( Richiardi et al . 2004 , Boyle
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The current extension of the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy, which predisposes to early menopause, and the media coverage of the benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have led patients with a history of breast cancer to seek treatments for estrogen deprivation. In breast cancer survivors, most physicians avoid HRT because of concern regarding the potential promotion of growth of occult malignant cells by estrogens, due to the estrogen dependence of breast cancer. Soy phytoestrogens are being promoted as the 'natural alternative' to HRT and have been available without restrictions for several years as nutritional supplements. In this paper, data on the complex mammary effects of phytoestrogens in epidemiological studies, in in vitro studies, as well as in in vivo studies on animal carcinogenesis are reviewed. The potential benefits and risks of phytoestrogens are analyzed, and the prescription of phytoestrogens to postmenopausal women after breast cancer and the coprescription with the anti-estrogen tamoxifen are discussed. The absence of controlled trials and technical checking of extraction and titration in these preparations on 'free sale' raise a new problem in terms of public health and justify close reasoning and a cautious attitude of physicians, as well as straight information given to women, especially after breast cancer.
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Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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chromatin accessibility occurs in cancers ( Denny et al . 2016 , Qu et al . 2017 ). Breast cancer is no exception, with alterations occurring in chromatin accessibility, TF action and regulation ( Jeselsohn et al . 2015 , D’Antonio et al . 2017
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
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Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
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Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
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Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
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Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
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Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
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Introduction Current breast cancer treatment is based on the status of a limited number of molecular markers ( Bosco & Knudsen 2007 , Musgrove & Sutherland 2009 , Hammond et al . 2010 , Harris & McCormick 2010 ). Particularly, the status of the
Guys Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, UK
Endocard LTD, London, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
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gene playing a role in apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and genomic stability. The prognostic value of its expression has been previously assessed in many cancers ( Dworakowska et al. 2009 a ). Physiologic levels of p53 typically are not
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Introduction For the past 70 years, androgen-deprivation therapy has remained the mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer. Although most prostate cancers initially respond to androgen deprivation, many will ultimately progress to lethal castration
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various different ways. The development of the ‘two-hit’ hypothesis of carcinogenesis was a key event in cancer genetics because it provided a testable model of how tumours develop ( Knudson 1971 , 1978 ). Although there have been extensions and revisions
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Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, A438 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Background Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, and a disease whose incidence has been increasing over the past 20 years ( Davies & Welch 2006 ). This heterogeneous disease is classified into differentiated thyroid