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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Healthcare Partners, Birmingham, UK
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& Risbridger 2007 ). Aberrant expression and activity of aromatase is crucial in the pathophysiology of endometrial and breast cancers where an imbalance of oestrogen is a key factor in tumour growth ( Cunha 1994 , Chen 1998 ). As with the developmental
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that these ovarian cancer subtypes share the morphology and genetic profile of normal endometrial cells ( Wang et al . 2015 ). Taken together, these studies provide evidence of an extra-ovarian origin of specific ovarian cancers. Furthermore, the role
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developing endometrial cancer as a side effect from long-term tamoxifen treatment. The Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group in 2011 confirmed that five years of using tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment reduced the risk of death and reduced the 15
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significantly increased risk of pancreatic, endometrial, and cervical cancers and for prostatic cancers in men younger than age 65 ( Thompson et al. 2002 ). Breast, endometrial, and prostate cancers are all known to be steroid hormone-responsive tumor types
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endometrial cancer, thromboembolic events, and uterine sarcoma ( Jaiyesimi et al. 1995 , Fisher et al. 1996 , Wickerham et al. 2002 ). Newer agents are now available for this patient population. Toremifene, an analog of tamoxifen, was created
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years . New England Journal of Medicine 375 209 – 219 . ( doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1604700 ) Grattarola R 1973 Androgens in breast cancer. I. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia and breast cancer in married premenopausal women . American Journal of
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4020 –4024. Gottardis MM , Robinson SP, Satyaswaroop PG & Jordan VC 1988 Contrasting actions of tamoxifen on endometrial and breast tumor growth in the athymic mouse. Cancer Research 48 812 –815
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increased risk of developing breast cancer. The primary end-points were the changes in circulating IGF-I and mammographic percentage density after 24 months of intervention. Additional end-points included changes in endometrial thickness and proliferation
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, endometrial, and ovarian cancer . Cancer Causes & Control 22 1163 – 1171 . ( doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9794-8 ). Larsson SC Mantzoros CS Wolk A 2007 Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis . International Journal of Cancer
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modulators (SERMs) and shows adverse agonistic activity on ER in the endometrium ( Jordan & O'Malley 2007 ): as a result, long-term use of tamoxifen is associated with increased endometrial cancer risk ( Fornander et al . 1989 , Fisher et al . 1994 ). In