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Habibur P Rahman Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham

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Johannes Hofland Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Paul A Foster Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Healthcare Partners, Birmingham, UK

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& Risbridger 2007 ). Aberrant expression and activity of aromatase is crucial in the pathophysiology of endometrial and breast cancers where an imbalance of oestrogen is a key factor in tumour growth ( Cunha 1994 , Chen 1998 ). As with the developmental

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Carlos Cardenas Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Ayesha B Alvero Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Bo Seong Yun Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Gil Mor Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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that these ovarian cancer subtypes share the morphology and genetic profile of normal endometrial cells ( Wang et al . 2015 ). Taken together, these studies provide evidence of an extra-ovarian origin of specific ovarian cancers. Furthermore, the role

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Philipp Y Maximov Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Balkees Abderrahman Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ramona F Curpan Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania

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Yousef M Hawsawi Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ping Fan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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V Craig Jordan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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developing endometrial cancer as a side effect from long-term tamoxifen treatment. The Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group in 2011 confirmed that five years of using tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment reduced the risk of death and reduced the 15

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E M Rosen Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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S Fan Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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C Isaacs Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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significantly increased risk of pancreatic, endometrial, and cervical cancers and for prostatic cancers in men younger than age 65 ( Thompson et al. 2002 ). Breast, endometrial, and prostate cancers are all known to be steroid hormone-responsive tumor types

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Kellie L Jones
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Aman U Buzdar
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endometrial cancer, thromboembolic events, and uterine sarcoma ( Jaiyesimi et al. 1995 , Fisher et al. 1996 , Wickerham et al. 2002 ). Newer agents are now available for this patient population. Toremifene, an analog of tamoxifen, was created

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Giorgio Secreto Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS – Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy

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Paola Muti Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Milena Sant Analytical Epidemiology and Health Impact Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy

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Elisabetta Meneghini Analytical Epidemiology and Health Impact Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy

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Vittorio Krogh Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS – Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy

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years . New England Journal of Medicine 375 209 – 219 . ( doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1604700 ) Grattarola R 1973 Androgens in breast cancer. I. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia and breast cancer in married premenopausal women . American Journal of

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K-M Rau
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H-Y Kang
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T-L Cha
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S A Miller
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M-C Hung
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4020 –4024. Gottardis MM , Robinson SP, Satyaswaroop PG & Jordan VC 1988 Contrasting actions of tamoxifen on endometrial and breast tumor growth in the athymic mouse. Cancer Research 48 812 –815

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S Zanardi
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D Serrano
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A Argusti
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M Barile
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M Puntoni
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A Decensi
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increased risk of developing breast cancer. The primary end-points were the changes in circulating IGF-I and mammographic percentage density after 24 months of intervention. Additional end-points included changes in endometrial thickness and proliferation

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Prue J Hardefeldt Sydney Medical School Nepean, The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, Nepean Hospital, The University of Sydney, Level 5, South Block, PO Box 63, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia

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Senarath Edirimanne Sydney Medical School Nepean, The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, Nepean Hospital, The University of Sydney, Level 5, South Block, PO Box 63, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia

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Guy D Eslick Sydney Medical School Nepean, The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, Nepean Hospital, The University of Sydney, Level 5, South Block, PO Box 63, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia

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, endometrial, and ovarian cancer . Cancer Causes & Control 22 1163 – 1171 . ( doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9794-8 ). Larsson SC Mantzoros CS Wolk A 2007 Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis . International Journal of Cancer

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Céline Van Themsche Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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Sophie Parent Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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Valérie Leblanc Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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Caroline Descôteaux Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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Anne-Marie Simard Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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Gervais Bérubé Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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Eric Asselin Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7

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modulators (SERMs) and shows adverse agonistic activity on ER in the endometrium ( Jordan & O'Malley 2007 ): as a result, long-term use of tamoxifen is associated with increased endometrial cancer risk ( Fornander et al . 1989 , Fisher et al . 1994 ). In

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