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, Kindblom et al . 2002 , 2003 ). Autocrine PRL in prostate and breast tissue became important findings, since local production of PRL provided an explanation as to why the results of studies trying to link breast or prostate cancer incidence or progression
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy, apart from skin cancers, in developed countries, and is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men ( Feldman & Feldman 2001 ). The risk of prostate
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Androgens and prostate cancer Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer-related death, in men in the developed world ( Jemal et al . 2010 ). In 1941, Huggins and Hodges demonstrated that
Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis is critical for normal prostatic development and maintenance and is the major driver of prostate cancer (PCa) growth and disease progression. Androgens such as testosterone and its more
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Department of Research, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) was estimated to be the leading diagnosed cancer type in men, accounting for 19% of all newly diagnosed cancers in in 2017 ( Siegel et al. 2017 ). As high-risk patients are increasingly undergoing
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second cause of cancer death in men in North America ( Siegel et al . 2013 ). In fact, one in eight men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime. At such
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Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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, and 5α-reductase converts it to the more potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in peripheral target tissues, including the prostate ( Penning et al. 2008 ). After malignant transformation, prostate cancer remains dependent on AR signaling for its growth
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Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in males worldwide, notwithstanding the improved early detection methods and therapeutic modalities ( Jemal et al . 2011
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Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Biology, Department of International Health, Clinical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
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Prostate cancer: the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the role of androgens Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy affecting western men ( Ferlay et al . 2013 , Siegel et al . 2015 ), and it is estimated to account for more
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, exceeded only by lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men ( Ferlay et al. 2010 ). Despite recent advances in the field, effective