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Yue Wang Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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Stephen M F Jamieson Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Jo K Perry Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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Introduction Observations in humans and animals with elevated or disrupted growth hormone (GH) signalling clearly support a role for GH in cancer development ( Guevara-Aguirre et al. 2020 , Werner et al. 2020 , Duran-Ortiz et al. 2021

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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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incidence of cancer despite obesity as a risk factor. As noted, while the most striking clinical association observed in the ELS subjects is that of obesity and low T2D incidence, the diminished incidence of malignancies despite the risk factor posed by

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Reetobrata Basu Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Introduction Resistance to therapy is one of the major hurdles in tackling cancer – the second highest causal factor for all-cause, all-age human mortality in the United States between the period of 2001 and 2020, as per the Center for Disease

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Cesar Luiz Boguszewski Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Margaret Cristina da Silva Boguszewski Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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that metastases could be suppressed after hypophysectomy led to treatment of advanced cancers in humans, particularly those of the breast and prostate, with surgical ablation of the pituitary, mainly in the 1950s and early1960s ( Bailey 1956 ). At that

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Christopher A Galifi Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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Teresa L Wood Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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Introduction Growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, and their receptors play a major role in modulating cancer cell mitogenicity and metastasis and can make excellent prognostic markers ( Aaronson

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Xi Zhang Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China

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Vijay Pandey Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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Vipul Bhardwaj Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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Tao Zhu Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China
Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China
The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China

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Peter E Lobie Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China
Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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transduction ( Carter-Su et al. 1996 , Waters 2016 , Frank 2020 ). A number of the aforementioned cytokines possess well-established roles in cancer progression ( Propper & Balkwill 2022 ), and it is therefore not surprising that GH, in both experimental

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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Lina Soto Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Overview of GH-related malignancies Cancer in subjects with circulating GH excess Gigantism and acromegaly are clinical examples of circulating growth hormone (GH) excess in humans. These clinical situations appear when GH hypersecretion

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Zvi Laron Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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of Laron syndrome (LS) patients, a prototypical case of congenital IGF-1 deficiency. The identification of novel GH–IGF-1 downstream targets reflects the key role of this axis in cancer as well as the complexity of the mechanisms responsible for

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Melissa Bolier Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Aart-Jan van der Lelij Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Geert O Janssens Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sebastian J C M M Neggers Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction There has been a significant improvement in the outcomes of childhood cancer over the past decades, now exceeding a 5-year survival rate of 80% in western countries ( Gatta et al. 2014 ). However, these survivors are already at

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Paul C Marker School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Christopher J Unterberger School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Steven M Swanson School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Introduction Investigation of the role of growth hormone (GH) and its downstream mediators including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the initiation and progression of cancer has been motivated by several factors including low cancer

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