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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Lina Soto Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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with susceptibility to breast cancer ( Wagner et al. 2007 , 2020 ), no direct links between acromegalic subjects and breast cancer were observed up until 2016 ( Boguszewski & Ayuk 2016 ). Moreover, Petrossians et al. (2017) conducted a study in

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Paul C Marker School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Christopher J Unterberger School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Steven M Swanson School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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et al. 2022 c ). Mammary cancer Our interest in the role of GH in carcinogenesis arose from asking why an early full-term pregnancy reduces a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. McMahon and colleagues studied women from around the world

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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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death risk for cancer except for hepatocellular, colorectal, postmenopausal breast, and epithelial ovarian cancer. No increase in pancreatic cancer was noted ( Sun et al. 2022 ). Along with strong associations between obesity and cancer mortality

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Christopher A Galifi Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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Teresa L Wood Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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closely linked to malignancy; for example, integrin β3 expression is associated with malignant breast cancer phenotypes, whereas β6 is more closely linked to less aggressive tumors ( Singh et al. 2018 ). Integrins α6β4 and αvβ3 are frequently

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Reetobrata Basu Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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high degree of sequence similarity of human GH and PRL ( Xu et al. 2013 ). In several cancers like that of the breast and prostate, PRLR expression is often found upregulated and inversely correlated with survival. In such cancers, GH is expected to

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Yue Wang Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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Stephen M F Jamieson Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Jo K Perry Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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this pathway as a therapeutic target. However, this has not yet translated into clinical trials. Encouragingly though, two studies have reported anticancer efficacy for a GHR antagonist in individual patients with liver cancer and male breast cancer in

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Cesar Luiz Boguszewski Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Margaret Cristina da Silva Boguszewski Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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that metastases could be suppressed after hypophysectomy led to treatment of advanced cancers in humans, particularly those of the breast and prostate, with surgical ablation of the pituitary, mainly in the 1950s and early1960s ( Bailey 1956 ). At that

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Xi Zhang Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China

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Vijay Pandey Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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Vipul Bhardwaj Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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Tao Zhu Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China
Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China
The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China

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Peter E Lobie Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China
Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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cultures of primary human mammary carcinoma cells express hGH ( GH1 ) mRNA, secrete hGH to the media, and are responsive to hGH receptor antagonism ( Chiesa et al. 2011 ), a very similar percentage to hGH-positive breast cancer observed in

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Zvi Laron Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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risk for breast, prostate, lung, sarcoma and colorectal cancer. These reports highlighted the cardinal role of the GH–IGF-1 axis in cancer etiology. Therefore, it was of basic and clinical interest to investigate the impact of lifelong IGF-1 deficiency

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Melissa Bolier Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Aart-Jan van der Lelij Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Geert O Janssens Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sebastian J C M M Neggers Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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cellular and mice models. Moreover, a genome-wide association study identified GH-induced intracellular signaling pathways to be highly associated with breast cancer susceptibility ( Menashe et al. 2010 ). GH and IGF1 are key players in cell regulation

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