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Xi Zhang Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China

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Vijay Pandey Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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Vipul Bhardwaj Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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Tao Zhu Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China
Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China
The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China

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Peter E Lobie Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China
Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China

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reduce GH expression in mouse models of breast cancer ( Szepeshazi et al. 2001 ). In human prostate carcinoma cells, androgens downregulate hGH expression, and hGH expression is increased in cells with acquired resistance to enzalutamide, a second

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Paul C Marker School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Christopher J Unterberger School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Steven M Swanson School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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can also be generated by non-liver tissue and act locally (A5). (B) GH also acts independently of IGF-1 by activating GHR on target tissues (shown here as prostate, mammary duct, and cancer cells). Figure created at https

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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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12% higher incidence of BC, while no increase in pancreatic, colorectal, and prostate cancer was noted ( Soltani et al. 2021 ). Namazi and colleagues evaluated 12 studies describing 251,045 subjects. Combined adjusted multivariable relative risk

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Cesar Luiz Boguszewski Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Margaret Cristina da Silva Boguszewski Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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that metastases could be suppressed after hypophysectomy led to treatment of advanced cancers in humans, particularly those of the breast and prostate, with surgical ablation of the pituitary, mainly in the 1950s and early1960s ( Bailey 1956 ). At that

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Reetobrata Basu Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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high degree of sequence similarity of human GH and PRL ( Xu et al. 2013 ). In several cancers like that of the breast and prostate, PRLR expression is often found upregulated and inversely correlated with survival. In such cancers, GH is expected to

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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Lina Soto Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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follows: lung (0.8; 95% CI, 0.5–1.2), prostate (1.2; 95% CI, 0.8–1.9), and hematological cancers (1.3; 95% CI, 0.8–2.3). Based on a review of the literature, Boguszewski & Ayuk (2016) concluded that thyroid cancer behaves not differently in acromegalic

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Christopher A Galifi Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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Teresa L Wood Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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overexpression in various cancers, including pancreatic and prostate cancer ( Bohula et al. 2003 , Riedemann & Macaulay 2006 ). Functionally, IGF1R plays a well-established role in promoting the proliferation of various cell types and cancers ( Baserga et al

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Zvi Laron Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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risk for breast, prostate, lung, sarcoma and colorectal cancer. These reports highlighted the cardinal role of the GH–IGF-1 axis in cancer etiology. Therefore, it was of basic and clinical interest to investigate the impact of lifelong IGF-1 deficiency

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Yue Wang Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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Stephen M F Jamieson Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Jo K Perry Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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include breast, colorectal, meningeal, prostate, endometrial gastric, pancreatic and hepatocellular cancer ( McCutcheon et al. 2001 , Dagnaes-Hansen et al. 2004 , Divisova et al. 2006 , Lombardi et al. 2014 , Evans et al. 2016 , Brody et al

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Melissa Bolier Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Aart-Jan van der Lelij Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Geert O Janssens Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sebastian J C M M Neggers Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction There has been a significant improvement in the outcomes of childhood cancer over the past decades, now exceeding a 5-year survival rate of 80% in western countries ( Gatta et al. 2014 ). However, these survivors are already at

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