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Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China
The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China
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Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China
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reduce GH expression in mouse models of breast cancer ( Szepeshazi et al. 2001 ). In human prostate carcinoma cells, androgens downregulate hGH expression, and hGH expression is increased in cells with acquired resistance to enzalutamide, a second
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can also be generated by non-liver tissue and act locally (A5). (B) GH also acts independently of IGF-1 by activating GHR on target tissues (shown here as prostate, mammary duct, and cancer cells). Figure created at https
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12% higher incidence of BC, while no increase in pancreatic, colorectal, and prostate cancer was noted ( Soltani et al. 2021 ). Namazi and colleagues evaluated 12 studies describing 251,045 subjects. Combined adjusted multivariable relative risk
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that metastases could be suppressed after hypophysectomy led to treatment of advanced cancers in humans, particularly those of the breast and prostate, with surgical ablation of the pituitary, mainly in the 1950s and early1960s ( Bailey 1956 ). At that
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Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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high degree of sequence similarity of human GH and PRL ( Xu et al. 2013 ). In several cancers like that of the breast and prostate, PRLR expression is often found upregulated and inversely correlated with survival. In such cancers, GH is expected to
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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follows: lung (0.8; 95% CI, 0.5–1.2), prostate (1.2; 95% CI, 0.8–1.9), and hematological cancers (1.3; 95% CI, 0.8–2.3). Based on a review of the literature, Boguszewski & Ayuk (2016) concluded that thyroid cancer behaves not differently in acromegalic
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overexpression in various cancers, including pancreatic and prostate cancer ( Bohula et al. 2003 , Riedemann & Macaulay 2006 ). Functionally, IGF1R plays a well-established role in promoting the proliferation of various cell types and cancers ( Baserga et al
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risk for breast, prostate, lung, sarcoma and colorectal cancer. These reports highlighted the cardinal role of the GH–IGF-1 axis in cancer etiology. Therefore, it was of basic and clinical interest to investigate the impact of lifelong IGF-1 deficiency
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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include breast, colorectal, meningeal, prostate, endometrial gastric, pancreatic and hepatocellular cancer ( McCutcheon et al. 2001 , Dagnaes-Hansen et al. 2004 , Divisova et al. 2006 , Lombardi et al. 2014 , Evans et al. 2016 , Brody et al
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Introduction There has been a significant improvement in the outcomes of childhood cancer over the past decades, now exceeding a 5-year survival rate of 80% in western countries ( Gatta et al. 2014 ). However, these survivors are already at