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Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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genes such as the RNA-binding protein RBM5 have been implicated in breast cancers as having an opposing role because the resulting isoform is more anti-apoptotic ( Fushimi et al . 2008 ). Another example is the B-cell lymphoma gene, Bcl-x , which can
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Introduction Breast cancer development and progression are significantly affected by signalling pathways involving oestrogen receptor (ER) and growth factor receptors ( Arpino et al. 2008 ). Over 80% of all breast cancer cases are deemed ER
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Introduction Breast cancer (herein BC) is not a single disease, but is instead a collection of diseases that have distinct histopathological features and genetic and genomic variability linked to diverse prognostic outcomes. Recent research
Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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-like receptor agonists and more recently, checkpoint inhibitor blockade are some of the therapeutic approaches with proven success in several types of cancer. The low immunogenicity and intense immunosuppressive environment of breast tumours limit the benefit
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Introduction Despite advances in understanding the molecular biology of prostate and breast cancers, they are still the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and women, in the United States. There is no completely effective preventative for
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
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Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
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Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
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Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
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Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
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Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
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Introduction Low-vitamin D intakes or circulating levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk in several ecological ( Garland et al . 1990 , 1999 , Grant 2002 , 2003 ), case–control and cohort studies ( Van't Veer et al . 1991
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only functions in the ovary. In addition, studies found that anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) is expressed in the breast during the occurrence of breast cancer, which is a hormone-dependent tumor. This implies that AMH may be closely
Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Introduction Breast cancer results in half of a million deaths annually and greatly impacts the quality of life of many millions of patients and their families worldwide ( Golubnitschaja et al . 2016 ). It is well known that breast cancer is
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide ( Ferlay et al . 2015 ). In developed countries, it receives media coverage and research funding above all other cancers ( Konfortion et al . 2014 , American Cancer
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Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
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Introduction Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer death among women despite the huge progress that has been made in treatment ( Santen et al . 2007 , Weigel & Dowsett 2010 ). Many risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer