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Abigail Read The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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Rachael Natrajan The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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genes such as the RNA-binding protein RBM5 have been implicated in breast cancers as having an opposing role because the resulting isoform is more anti-apoptotic ( Fushimi et al . 2008 ). Another example is the B-cell lymphoma gene, Bcl-x , which can

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Anastasia Alataki Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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Mitch Dowsett Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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Introduction Breast cancer development and progression are significantly affected by signalling pathways involving oestrogen receptor (ER) and growth factor receptors ( Arpino et al. 2008 ). Over 80% of all breast cancer cases are deemed ER

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John W Cassidy Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Ankita S Batra Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Wendy Greenwood Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Alejandra Bruna Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Introduction Breast cancer (herein BC) is not a single disease, but is instead a collection of diseases that have distinct histopathological features and genetic and genomic variability linked to diverse prognostic outcomes. Recent research

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Andrew M K Law Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Elgene Lim Connie Johnson Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Christopher J Ormandy Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Gallego-Ortega Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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-like receptor agonists and more recently, checkpoint inhibitor blockade are some of the therapeutic approaches with proven success in several types of cancer. The low immunogenicity and intense immunosuppressive environment of breast tumours limit the benefit

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Philipp Y Maximov Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Balkees Abderrahman Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ramona F Curpan Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania

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Yousef M Hawsawi Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ping Fan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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V Craig Jordan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Introduction Despite advances in understanding the molecular biology of prostate and breast cancers, they are still the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and women, in the United States. There is no completely effective preventative for

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Marc Sinotte Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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François Rousseau Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Pierre Ayotte Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Eric Dewailly Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Caroline Diorio Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Yves Giguère Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Sylvie Bérubé Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Jacques Brisson Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8
Unité de Recherche en Santé des Populations, Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Breast Cancer Functional Genomics Group and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8

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Introduction Low-vitamin D intakes or circulating levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk in several ecological ( Garland et al . 1990 , 1999 , Grant 2002 , 2003 ), case–control and cohort studies ( Van't Veer et al . 1991

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Xuan Chen Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Sixuan Liu Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xue Peng Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiangyun Zong Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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only functions in the ovary. In addition, studies found that anti-Müllerian hormone receptor II (AMHRII) is expressed in the breast during the occurrence of breast cancer, which is a hormone-dependent tumor. This implies that AMH may be closely

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Yong-Zi Chen Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

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Youngchul Kim Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Hatem H Soliman Department of Women’s Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

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GuoGuang Ying Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

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Jae K Lee Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Introduction Breast cancer results in half of a million deaths annually and greatly impacts the quality of life of many millions of patients and their families worldwide ( Golubnitschaja et al . 2016 ). It is well known that breast cancer is

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Catherine Zabkiewicz Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Jeyna Resaul Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Rachel Hargest Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Wen Guo Jiang Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Lin Ye Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide ( Ferlay et al . 2015 ). In developed countries, it receives media coverage and research funding above all other cancers ( Konfortion et al . 2014 , American Cancer

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Evangelia-Ourania Fourkala Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Alexey Zaikin Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Matthew Burnell Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Jeremy Ford Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Richard Gunu Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Christina Soromani Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Guido Hasenbrink Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Ian Jacobs Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Anne Dawnay Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Martin Widschwendter Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Hella Lichtenberg-Fraté Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Usha Menon Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Introduction Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer death among women despite the huge progress that has been made in treatment ( Santen et al . 2007 , Weigel & Dowsett 2010 ). Many risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer

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