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Andreas Venizelos K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Hege Elvebakken Department of Oncology, Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

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Aurel Perren Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Oleksii Nikolaienko K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Wei Deng K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Inger Marie B Lothe Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anne Couvelard Department of Pathology, Université de Paris, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Geir Olav Hjortland Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anna Sundlöv Departmentt of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Johanna Svensson Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Harrish Garresori Department of Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway

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Christian Kersten Department of Research, Hospital of Southern Norway, Kristiansand, Norway

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Eva Hofsli Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Oncology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Sönke Detlefsen Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Merete Krogh Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Halfdan Sorbye Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Stian Knappskog K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Introduction High-grade (HG) gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are defined by the presence of neuroendocrine phenotype and a high proliferation rate (Ki-67 > 20%). The HG NEN entity consists of well

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Jennifer R Eads Division of Hematology and Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA

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Thorvardur R Halfdanarson Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Tim Asmis Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Andrew M Bellizzi Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Emily K Bergsland Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Arvind Dasari Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ghassan El-Haddad Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Michael Frumovitz Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Joshua Meyer Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Erik Mittra Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Sten Myrehaug Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Eric Nakakura Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Nitya Raj Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Heloisa P Soares Division of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

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Brian Untch Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Namrata Vijayvergia Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jennifer A Chan Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction High-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) constitute a rare disease entity and account for approximately 10% of all NENs. Given their rarity, there is a paucity of prospective data to guide the optimal diagnosis and management of

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Andreas Venizelos K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Halfdan Sorbye Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Hege Elvebakken Department of Oncology, Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

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Aurel Perren Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Inger Marie B Lothe Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anne Couvelard Department of Pathology, Université Paris Cité and AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France

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Geir Olav Hjortland Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anna Sundlöv Departmentt of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Johanna Svensson Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Harrish Garresori Department of Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway

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Christian Kersten Department of Research, Hospital of Southern Norway, Kristiansand, Norway

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Eva Hofsli Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Oncology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Sönke Detlefsen Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Lene W Vestermark Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Morten Ladekarl Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Elizaveta Mitkina Tabaksblat Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stian Knappskog K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) constitute ~2% of all malignancies and are frequently located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. High-grade gastroenteropancreatic (HG-GEP) NENs are among the most aggressive cancers

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Alexa Childs UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Christopher D Steele UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Clare Vesely UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Francesca M Rizzo UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Leah Ensell UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Helen Lowe UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Pawan Dhami UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Heli Vaikkinen UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Tu Vinh Luong Department of Histopathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Lucia Conde UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Javier Herrero UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Martyn Caplin Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Christos Toumpanakis Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Christina Thirlwell UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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John A Hartley UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

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Nischalan Pillay Research Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK

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Tim Meyer UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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. 2011 , Poveda et al. 2011 ), including neuroendocrine neoplasms ( Khan et al. 2011 , 2013 , 2016 , Mandair et al. 2021 ). More recently, molecular analysis of single CTCs has been used to identify predictive biomarkers, such as the T790M

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S Felder Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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H Jann Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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R Arsenic Institut für Pathologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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T Denecke Klinik für Radiologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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V Prasad Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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B Knappe-Drzikova Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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S Maasberg Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Medical School, Hamburg, Germany

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B Wiedenmann Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany

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M Pavel Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Medizinische Klinik 1, Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

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A Pascher Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Uinversitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany

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U F Pape Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie (einschl. Arbeitsbereich Stoffwechselerkrankungen), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Medical School, Hamburg, Germany

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G Fazio N , et al . 2016 Clinical management of patients with gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms associated with chronic atrophic gastritis: a retrospective, multicentre study . Endocrine 51 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0584-z

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Jaydira Del Rivero Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA

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Josh Mailman NorCal CarciNET Community, Oakland, California, USA

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Michael W Rabow Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Palliative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Jennifer A Chan Harvard Medical School, Program in Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumors, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Sarah Creed Good Shepherd Community Care, Harvard Kennedy School, Natick, Massachusetts, USA

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Hagen F Kennecke Providence Cancer Institute Franz Clinic, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Janice Pasieka Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada

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Jennifer Zuar Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

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Simron Singh Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Lauren Fishbein Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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relation to benefits to their patients. Summary Patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms have unique disease-related symptoms that impact palliative care needs during routine disease management and at the end of life. There are special considerations

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Dimitrios Papantoniou Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Oncology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden

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Malin Grönberg Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Espen Thiis-Evensen Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Deptartment of Organ Transplant, Oslo, Norway

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Halfdan Sorbye Haukeland Hospital, Deptartment of Oncology, Bergen, Norway
University of Bergen, Deptartment of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway

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Kalle Landerholm Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Department of Surgery, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden

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Staffan Welin Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Eva Tiensuu Janson Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms . Acta Oncologica 60 931 – 941 . ( https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2021.1921262 ) Joish VN Frech F Lapuerta P 2018 Cost-effectiveness analysis of telotristat ethyl for treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea

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Yuanliang Li Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

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Yiying Guo Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Zixuan Cheng Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

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Chao Tian Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

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Yingying Chen Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

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Ruao Chen Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

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Fuhuan Yu Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

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Yanfen Shi Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Fei Su Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Shuhua Zhao Department of Biological Information Research, HaploX Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Zhizheng Wang Academic Department, HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Jie Luo Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Huangying Tan Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of rare malignancies with strong heterogeneity, which arise from neuroendocrine cells distributed throughout the body and produce peptide hormone and biogenic amine ( Klöppel 2017

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Sara Pusceddu Department of Medical Oncology ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Francesco Barretta Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Annalisa Trama Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Laura Botta Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Massimo Milione Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Roberto Buzzoni Department of Medical Oncology ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Filippo De Braud Department of Medical Oncology ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Vincenzo Mazzaferro University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Liver Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, University of Milan and Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione IRCCS, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milano, Milan, Italy

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Ugo Pastorino Department of Thoracic Surgical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Ettore Seregni Department of Nuclear Medicine ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Milan, Italy

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Luigi Mariani Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Gemma Gatta Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Maria Di Bartolomeo Department of Medical Oncology ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Daniela Femia Department of Medical Oncology ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Natalie Prinzi Department of Medical Oncology ENETS Center of Excellence, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Jorgelina Coppa Liver Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, University of Milan and Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione IRCCS, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milano, Milan, Italy

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Francesco Panzuto Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Andrea, Roma ENETS Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy

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Lorenzo Antonuzzo Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy

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Emilio Bajetta Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy

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Maria Pia Brizzi Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy

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Davide Campana Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Sant’Orsola Malpighi, Bologna, Italy

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Laura Catena Department of Medical Oncology, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy

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Harry Comber Ireland National Cancer Registry, Cork, Ireland

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Fiona Dwane Ireland National Cancer Registry, Cork, Ireland

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Nicola Fazio Department of Medical Oncology, IEO – Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Antongiulio Faggiano Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, ENETS Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy

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Dario Giuffrida Department of Medical Oncology, IOM – Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Catania, Italy

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Kris Henau Belgian Cancer Registry, Brussels, Belgium

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Toni Ibrahim Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRST, IRCCS, Meldola, Italy

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Riccardo Marconcini Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Pisa, Italy

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Sara Massironi Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Maja Primic Žakelj Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Francesca Spada Department of Medical Oncology, IEO – Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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Salvatore Tafuto Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Pascale, ENETS Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy

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Elizabeth Van Eycken Belgian Cancer Registry, Brussels, Belgium

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Jan Maaten Van der Zwan Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Tina Žagar Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Luca Giacomelli Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Rosalba Miceli Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, ENETS Center of Excellence, Milan, Italy

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NEPscore Working Group
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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous class of neoplasms with increasing incidence worldwide ( Fraenkel et al . 2012 , Dasari et al . 2017 ). A number of factors including tumor histology, primary site, staging and

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Chiara Alessandra Cella Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Riccardo Cazzoli Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Metal Targeted Therapy & Immunology lab, Childrens’ cancer institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Nicola Fazio Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Giuseppina De Petro Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Germano Gaudenzi Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Silvia Carra Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Mauro Romanenghi Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Francesca Spada Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Ilaria Grossi Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Isabella Pallavicini Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Saverio Minucci Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Giovanni Vitale Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) constitute a highly heterogeneous spectrum of malignancies. In the majority of cases, they appear as well-differentiated or a low/intermediate grade of malignancy and are termed neuroendocrine

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