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Eva Baxter Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Karolina Windloch Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Greg Kelly Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Jason S Lee Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Frank Gannon Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Donal J Brennan UCD School of Medicine, Catherine McAuley Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland

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), SMAD3 (Abcam, ab28379), SMAD3 phospho-Ser423/425 (Abcam, ab52903) and XBP1 (Abcam, ab198999). Mouse xenograft model Six-to-seven-week-old female C.B. 17- SCID mice (Animal Resources Centre, Perth, Australia) either had a 0.72mg/pellet 90-day

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Joanna E Burdette
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Teresa K Woodruff
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Smad3 and this causes a redistribution of the cell cycle into G 0 /G 1 arrest ( Liu et al. 1996 , Ying & Zhang 1996 , Cocolakis et al. 2001 , Burdette et al. 2005 ). Activins A and B reduce proliferation of cultured rat acini isolated during

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David Adler Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Anne Offermann Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Martin Braun Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Roopika Menon Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Isabella Syring Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Michael Nowak Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Rebecca Halbach Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Wenzel Vogel Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Christian Ruiz Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Tobias Zellweger Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Cyrill A Rentsch Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Maria Svensson Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Ove Andren Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Lukas Bubendorf Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Saskia Biskup Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Stefan Duensing Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Jutta Kirfel Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Sven Perner Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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-phospho (S423+S425)-SMAD3 rabbit MAB (1:1000, EP823Y, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-β-actin MAB (1:5000, A1978, Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), and anti-Vimentin rabbit monoclonal (1:1000, 3932, Cell Signaling) primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight. The

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Eric Glasgow Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA

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Lopa Mishra Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA

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) falling into three functional classes: i) receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads): Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5, and Smad8; ii) co-mediator Smads: Smad4 and Smad 10; and iii) inhibitory Smads (I-Smads): Smad6 and Smad7. Activation of the TGF-β receptor complex by

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Christina Schug Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Sarah Urnauer Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Carsten Jaeckel Clinical Biochemistry Group, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Kathrin A Schmohl Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Mariella Tutter Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Katja Steiger Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany

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Nathalie Schwenk Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Markus Schwaiger Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany

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Ernst Wagner Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Peter J Nelson Clinical Biochemistry Group, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Christine Spitzweg Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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. 1994 , Massague 1998 , Derynck et al. 2001 ). Activated SMAD2 and SMAD3 form heterotrimeric complexes with the signal mediator SMAD4. The complex translocates to the nucleus to modulate transcription of target genes. Inhibitory SMADs, such as SMAD6

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Meng-Lei Zhu Departments of Urology and Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Combs Research Building Room 306, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Natasha Kyprianou Departments of Urology and Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Combs Research Building Room 306, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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subsequent phosphorylation of TGFBR2 receptor to the TGFBR1 kinase to SMAD activation ( Zhu & Kyprianou 2005 ). Interaction of SMAD4, (alone or together with SMAD3), with the AR in the DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains, may result in the modulation of

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Xiao-Hua Jiang Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Jie-Li Lu Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Bin Cui Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Yong-Ju Zhao Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Wei-qing Wang Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Jian-Min Liu Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Wen-Qiang Fang Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Ya-Nan Cao Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Yan Ge Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Chang-xian Zhang Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Huguette Casse Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Xiao-Ying Li Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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Guang Ning Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases,, Department of Radiological Medicine,, Laboratoire Genetique et Cancer,, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours,, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chinese-French Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China

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interacting domain for Smad3 binding, possibly affects Smad3 signalling ( Kaji et al . 2001 ), which is a crucial player in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway. In vitro study has confirmed that amino acid substitution in Smad3-binding

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Nader Hussein Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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JieLi Lu Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Huguette Casse Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Sandra Fontanière Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Anne-Marie Morera Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Séverine Mazaud Guittot Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Alain Calender Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Nathalie Di Clemente Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Chang X Zhang Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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. 2003 a ), using antibodies against menin (C19, 1:500), anti-p18 (1:3000), anti-p27 (1:1000), anti-pSmad1 (1:1000), anti-Smad1 (1:1000), anti-Smad3 (1:1000), anti-Smad4 (1:1000), anti-Smad5 polyclonal (1:1000) and anti-Cdk4 (1:1000, Santa

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Sonia D'Inzeo Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Arianna Nicolussi Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Caterina Francesca Donini Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Massimo Zani Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Patrizia Mancini Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Francesco Nardi Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Anna Coppa Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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1998 ). TGFβ ligands bind to heterotetrameric complexes of receptors with serine–threonine kinase activity, leading to an increase in their ability to phosphorylate receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads). The phosphorylation of R-Smads (Smad2 and Smad3) by

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R Serra Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA

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M R Crowley Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA

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-β signaling is integrated with signaling from other growth factors ( Zhang & Derynck 1999 , Attisano & Wrana 2000 , Massague & Chen 2000 ). Specific R-Smads transduce distinct signals for members of the TGF-β superfamily. Smad2 and Smad3 mediate signaling by

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