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Judith A Gilbert Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Laura J Adhikari Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Ricardo V Lloyd Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Joseph Rubin Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Paul Haluska Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Joan M Carboni Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Marco M Gottardis Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Matthew M Ames Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Oncology, Oncology Drug Discovery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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immunohistochemical staining (intensity score of 3) for the ten molecular markers studied. Hsp90, TGFBR1, IGF1R, and SSTR5 (the strongest staining biomarkers for the largest number of NETs) were expressed in all tumors from 20 cases in which primary and metastatic

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Dermot O'Toole Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Anne Couvelard Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Vinciane Rebours Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Magali Zappa Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Olivia Hentic Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Pascal Hammel Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Philippe Levy Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Pierre Bedossa Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Eric Raymond Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Philippe Ruszniewski Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Service de Gastroentérologie, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, INSERM U773, Service de Radiologie, Service d'Oncologie Bichat-Beaujon, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland

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aggressive GEP-NETs but their influence on therapy is unknown. Several putative molecular markers predicting either sensitivity or resistance to oncological therapeutics have been proposed. The multidrug resistance protein and other ABC transporters have well

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Andreas Venizelos K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Hege Elvebakken Department of Oncology, Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

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Aurel Perren Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Oleksii Nikolaienko K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Wei Deng K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Inger Marie B Lothe Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anne Couvelard Department of Pathology, Université de Paris, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Geir Olav Hjortland Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anna Sundlöv Departmentt of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Johanna Svensson Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Harrish Garresori Department of Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway

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Christian Kersten Department of Research, Hospital of Southern Norway, Kristiansand, Norway

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Eva Hofsli Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Oncology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Sönke Detlefsen Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Merete Krogh Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Halfdan Sorbye Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Stian Knappskog K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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have associated microsatellite instability (MSI) with improved prognosis ( La Rosa et al. 2012 , Sahnane et al. 2015 ). However, molecular markers for classification, treatment selection and prognosis for HG GEP-NEN are generally lacking. Some

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Susan J Hsiao Division of Molecular and Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Division of Molecular and Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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need for molecular markers The diagnosis of thyroid cancer is typically obtained through ultrasound examination and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of suspicious nodules. Cytological examination of cells collected by FNA biopsy is the most reliable

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P J Barrett-Lee Cardiff Breast Unit, Velindre NHS Trust, Cardiff CF14 2 TL, UK

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other candidate markers for a way forward. Molecular markers for chemotherapy response At the present time, no single predictive biological marker has become established in routine practice in breast cancer to assess clinical

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Ruth Foley Department of Haematology and Oncology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’ Hospital, James’ St, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Donal Hollywood Department of Haematology and Oncology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’ Hospital, James’ St, Dublin 8, Ireland

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Mark Lawler Department of Haematology and Oncology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’ Hospital, James’ St, Dublin 8, Ireland

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mechanisms, including cross-activation by agents such as IGF-I ( Culig et al. 1994 ). Potential new molecular markers such as hepsin ( Rhodes et al. 2002 ) have been identified. These and other identified and novel genes implicated in the disease

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Bruno Ragazzon Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France

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Guillaume Assié Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France

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Jérôme Bertherat Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France
Institut Cochin, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 75014 Paris, France

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et al . 1993 , Rainier et al . 1993 , Gicquel et al . 1997 ). Interestingly, it has been previously demonstrated that IGF2 expression could be used as a molecular marker for the diagnosis of ACC ( Gicquel et al . 2001 ). The IGF signaling pathway

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C J Fabian
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B F Kimler
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M S Mayo
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S A Khan
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and/or RPFNA, there is a great deal of interest in supplementing morphologic interpretations with molecular markers ( Fabian et al. 2002 , Ljung et al. 2004 , Gornstein et al. 2004 , Sneige 2004 ). Simple assessment of ploidy has been

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Maria P Yavropoulou Endocrinοlogy Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Marina Tsoli Endocrinοlogy Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Konstantinos Barkas Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Nikaia-Peiraia, Agios Panteleimon, Athens, Greece

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Gregory Kaltsas Endocrinοlogy Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Ashley Grossman Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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play increasing roles. Highly aggressive tumours will need particular care, including the use of TMZ and newer agents. What is clear is that we need molecular markers able to predict future behaviour, and these are still unavailable. Perhaps the next

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H Yamashita
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M Nishio
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Y Ando
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Z Zhang
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M Hamaguchi
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K Mita
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S Kobayashi
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Y Fujii
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H Iwase
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strong prognostic molecular marker in ER-positive breast cancer. Positive Stat5 expression predicts response to endocrine therapy and increases post-relapse survival in metastatic breast cancer patients who received first-line treatment with endocrine

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