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Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women living in the United States and is the second most common cause of cancer death in women ( American Cancer Society 2012 ). Because of routine clinical examination and increased
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Section of Hematology/Oncology, Genomic Medicine Institute, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Endocrine Surgery Research Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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population, thyroid cancer survivors have a 30% increased risk of a second primary breast cancer ( Sandeep et al . 2006 ). The incidence of second primary cancers is also high even in participants with thyroid micro-carcinoma ( Kim et al . 2013 , Hsu et
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, PMV Research Group at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Foundation for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG), Human Genetics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1018, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Centre for Molecular, Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Laboratory Medicine Program, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Introduction Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is prescribed to women in order to alleviate climacteric symptoms and it is still commonly used despite evidence of associations with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer (BC
Institute of Cancer Research,, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research,, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Introduction The only factor known to consistently decrease lifetime breast cancer risk regardless of ethnicity is early childbirth ( MacMahon et al . 1970 , Henderson et al . 1974 , Kelsey et al . 1993 ). Women who have undergone a first full
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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genes such as the RNA-binding protein RBM5 have been implicated in breast cancers as having an opposing role because the resulting isoform is more anti-apoptotic ( Fushimi et al . 2008 ). Another example is the B-cell lymphoma gene, Bcl-x , which can
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The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Introduction Breast cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer death in women, but there has been a sustained decline in mortality rates over the last decades. The incremental application of increasingly effective adjuvant medical
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Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Breast cancer stem cells The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory proposes a hierarchical organization of the cells within a tumor, where only a small subset of cells, the CSCs, is believed to drive and sustain tumor growth. CSCs are defined as self
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in American women, with the exception of non-melanomatous skin cancer, and is second only to lung cancer as the most common cause of cancer-related deaths ( American Cancer Society
The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Introduction Breast cancer development and progression are significantly affected by signalling pathways involving oestrogen receptor (ER) and growth factor receptors ( Arpino et al. 2008 ). Over 80% of all breast cancer cases are deemed ER
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The current extension of the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy, which predisposes to early menopause, and the media coverage of the benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have led patients with a history of breast cancer to seek treatments for estrogen deprivation. In breast cancer survivors, most physicians avoid HRT because of concern regarding the potential promotion of growth of occult malignant cells by estrogens, due to the estrogen dependence of breast cancer. Soy phytoestrogens are being promoted as the 'natural alternative' to HRT and have been available without restrictions for several years as nutritional supplements. In this paper, data on the complex mammary effects of phytoestrogens in epidemiological studies, in in vitro studies, as well as in in vivo studies on animal carcinogenesis are reviewed. The potential benefits and risks of phytoestrogens are analyzed, and the prescription of phytoestrogens to postmenopausal women after breast cancer and the coprescription with the anti-estrogen tamoxifen are discussed. The absence of controlled trials and technical checking of extraction and titration in these preparations on 'free sale' raise a new problem in terms of public health and justify close reasoning and a cautious attitude of physicians, as well as straight information given to women, especially after breast cancer.