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Guido Rindi Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
ENETS Center of Excellence, Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Center, Rome, Italy

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Frediano Inzani Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
ENETS Center of Excellence, Neuroendocrine Tumour (NET) Center, Rome, Italy

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types or, perhaps, neuroendocrine-committed cells do transform, generating neoplasms. Neoplasms made by cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype are today defined as neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN). Similar to neuroendocrine cells, NEN are observed in pure

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Günter Klöppel Department of Pathology, Technical University of München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany

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includes the tumours that generate steroid hormones. The tumours of the first group are called neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) because of the marker proteins that they share with the neural cell system. These markers are synaptophysin and neuron

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Fritz-Line Vélayoudom-Céphise Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Pierre Duvillard Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Lydia Foucan Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Julien Hadoux Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Cecile N Chougnet Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Sophie Leboulleux Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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David Malka Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Joël Guigay Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Diane Goere Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Thierry Debaere Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Caroline Caramella Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Martin Schlumberger Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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David Planchard Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Dominique Elias Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Michel Ducreux Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Jean-Yves Scoazec Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Eric Baudin Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Pathology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Departments of Gastroenterology, Thoracic Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Medical Imaging, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) are rare tumors defined by the expression of specific diagnostic biomarkers ( Baudin 2007 , Modlin et al . 2008 , Yao et al . 2008 ). Their prognosis is best characterized by

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, National University of Athens, Greece

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Gregory A Kaltsas Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, National University of Athens, Greece

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Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, National University of Athens, Greece

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Eleftherios Chatzellis Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, National University of Athens, Greece

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Ashley B Grossman Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, National University of Athens, Greece

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), previously named ‘carcinoid’ tumours, most frequently occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (54.5%) and have been an area of ongoing interest in the field of many different disciplines including

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Halfdan Sorbye Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Grace Kong Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

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Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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-term toxicity. 177 Lu-DOTA-octreotate (LuTathera) has recently obtained regulatory approval for patients with progressive metastatic grade 1–2 GEP NET. High-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: NET G3 and NEC Gastroenteropancreatic

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Andreas Venizelos K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Hege Elvebakken Department of Oncology, Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

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Aurel Perren Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Oleksii Nikolaienko K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Wei Deng K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Inger Marie B Lothe Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anne Couvelard Department of Pathology, Université de Paris, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Geir Olav Hjortland Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Anna Sundlöv Departmentt of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Johanna Svensson Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Harrish Garresori Department of Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway

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Christian Kersten Department of Research, Hospital of Southern Norway, Kristiansand, Norway

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Eva Hofsli Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Oncology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Sönke Detlefsen Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Merete Krogh Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Halfdan Sorbye Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Stian Knappskog K.G. Jebsen Center for Genome-Directed Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Introduction High-grade (HG) gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are defined by the presence of neuroendocrine phenotype and a high proliferation rate (Ki-67 > 20%). The HG NEN entity consists of well

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Ashley K Clift Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
NHS Nightingale Hospital London, London, UK

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Andrea Frilling Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) represent a heterogeneous class of tumours that arise from nigh ubiquitously dispersed neuroendocrine cells, which may be stratified into clinically meaningful sub-groups on the basis of their

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Aura D Herrera-Martínez Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

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Leo J Hofland Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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María A Gálvez Moreno Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

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Wouter W de Herder Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Richard A Feelders Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a heterogeneous group of rare neoplasms, which originate from enterochromaffin cells that are located throughout the whole body. NENs located in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas are

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Maria Chiara Zatelli Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Elia Guadagno Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Erika Messina Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Fabio Lo Calzo Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy

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Antongiulio Faggiano Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy

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Annamaria Colao Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy

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NIKE Group
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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are well known to display a wide heterogeneity as concerns histopathology, clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis. Despite their rarity, NENs have drawn a lot of attention due to the newly

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Jennifer R Eads Division of Hematology and Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA

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Thorvardur R Halfdanarson Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Tim Asmis Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Andrew M Bellizzi Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Emily K Bergsland Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Arvind Dasari Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ghassan El-Haddad Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Michael Frumovitz Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Joshua Meyer Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Erik Mittra Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Sten Myrehaug Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Eric Nakakura Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Nitya Raj Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Heloisa P Soares Division of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

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Brian Untch Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Namrata Vijayvergia Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jennifer A Chan Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction High-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) constitute a rare disease entity and account for approximately 10% of all NENs. Given their rarity, there is a paucity of prospective data to guide the optimal diagnosis and management of

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