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Benjamin C Thomas Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Jonathan D Kay Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK

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Suraj Menon Bioinformatics and Statistics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Astra Zeneca, 2 Riverside, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK

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Sarah L Vowler Bioinformatics and Statistics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Astra Zeneca, 2 Riverside, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK

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Sarah N Dawson Bioinformatics and Statistics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Laura J Bucklow Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Hayley J Luxton Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK

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Thomas Johnston Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Charlie E Massie Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular and Computational Diagnostics Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Michelle Pugh Genomics Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Anne Y Warren Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Peter Barker National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Keith Burling National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Andy G Lynch Computational Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Anne George Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Johanna Burge Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Marie Corcoran Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Sara Stearn Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Alastair D Lamb Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Naomi L Sharma Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK

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Greg L Shaw Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street, London, UK

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David E Neal Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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Hayley C Whitaker Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK

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Due to increased sensitivity, the expression of circulating nucleotides is rapidly gaining popularity in cancer diagnosis. Whole blood mRNA has been used in studies on a number of cancers, most notably two separate studies that used whole blood mRNA to define non-overlapping signatures of prostate cancer that has become castration independent. Prostate cancer is known to rely on androgens for initial growth, and there is increasing evidence on the importance of the androgen axis in advanced disease. Using whole blood mRNA samples from patients with prostate cancer, we have identified the four-gene panel of FAM129A, MME, KRT7 and SOD2 in circulating mRNA that are differentially expressed in a discovery cohort of metastatic samples. Validation of these genes at the mRNA and protein level was undertaken in additional cohorts defined by risk of relapse following surgery and hormone status. All the four genes were downregulated at the mRNA level in the circulation and in primary tissue, but this was not always reflected in tissue protein expression. MME demonstrated significant differences in the hormone cohorts, whereas FAM129A is downregulated at the mRNA level but is raised at the protein level in tumours. Using published ChIP-seq data, we have demonstrated that this may be due to AR binding at the FAM129A and MME loci in multiple cell lines. These data suggest that whole blood mRNA of androgen-regulated genes has the potential to be used for diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer.

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Charles E Massie Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Inmaculada Spiteri Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Helen Ross-Adams Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Hayley Luxton Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Jonathan Kay Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Hayley C Whitaker Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Mark J Dunning Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Alastair D Lamb Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Antonio Ramos-Montoya Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Daniel S Brewer Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Colin S Cooper Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Rosalind Eeles Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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UK Prostate ICGC Group
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Anne Y Warren Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Simon Tavaré Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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David E Neal Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Andy G Lynch Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, resulting in over 10 000 deaths/year in the UK. Sequencing and copy number analysis of primary tumours has revealed heterogeneity within tumours and an absence of recurrent founder mutations, consistent with non-genetic disease initiating events. Using methylation profiling in a series of multi-focal prostate tumours, we identify promoter methylation of the transcription factor HES5 as an early event in prostate tumourigenesis. We confirm that this epigenetic alteration occurs in 86–97% of cases in two independent prostate cancer cohorts (n=49 and n=39 tumour–normal pairs). Treatment of prostate cancer cells with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine increased HES5 expression and downregulated its transcriptional target HES6, consistent with functional silencing of the HES5 gene in prostate cancer. Finally, we identify and test a transcriptional module involving the AR, ERG, HES1 and HES6 and propose a model for the impact of HES5 silencing on tumourigenesis as a starting point for future functional studies.

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