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Laura Moonen Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Jules L Derks Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Lisa M Hillen Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Robert Jan van Suylen Pathology-DNA, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

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Michael A den Bakker Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Jan H von der Thüsen Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ronald A Damhuis Department of Research, Comprehensive Cancer Association, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Wieneke A Buikhuisen Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Esther C van den Broek PALGA (Dutch Nationwide Pathology Databank), Houten, The Netherlands

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Jos Maessen Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Alexander P W M Maat Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Paul van Schil Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

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Ernst J M Speel Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A-M C Dingemans Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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The predictive value of the extent of peri-operative lymph node (LN) sampling in relation to disease relapse in patients with pulmonary carcinoid (PC) is unknown. Furthermore, post-surgery follow-up recommendations rely on institutional retrospective studies with short follow-ups. We aimed to address these shortcomings by examining the relation between LN sampling and relapse in a population-based cohort with long-term follow-up. By combining the Dutch nationwide pathology and cancer registries, all patients with surgically resected PC (2003–2012) were included in this analysis (last update 2020). The extent of surgical LN dissection was scored for the number of LN samples, location (hilar/mediastinal), and completeness of resection according to European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) guidelines. Relapse-free interval (RFI) was evaluated using Kaplan Meier and multivariate regression analysis. 662 patients were included. The median follow-up was 87.5 months. Relapse occurred in 10% of patients, mostly liver (51.8%) and locoregional sites (45%). The median RFI was 48.1 months (95% CI 36.8–59.4). Poor prognostic factors were atypical carcinoid, pN1/2, and R1/R2 resection. In 546 patients LN dissection data could be retrieved; at least one N2 LN was examined in 44% and completeness according to ESTS in merely 7%. In 477 cN0 patients, 5.9% had pN1 and 2.5% had pN2 disease. In conclusion, relapse occurred in 10% of PC patients with a median RFI of 48.1 months thereby underscoring the necessity of long-term follow-up. Extended mediastinal LN sampling was rarely performed but systematic nodal evaluation is recommended as it provides prognostic information on distant relapse.

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