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Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Endocrinology Unit, Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology Program, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Endocrinology Unit, Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology Program, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Paragangliomas (PGLs) derive from either sympathetic chromaffin tissue in adrenal and extra-adrenal abdominal or thoracic locations, or from parasympathetic tissue of the head and neck. Mutations of nuclear genes encoding subunits B, C, and D of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB 1p35-p36.1, SDHC 1q21, SDHD 11q23) give rise to hereditary PGL syndromes PGL4, PGL3, and PGL1 respectively. The susceptibility gene for PGL2 on 11q13.1 remains unidentified. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to SDHx mutations have been linked to tumorigenesis by upregulation of hypoxic and angiogenesis pathways, apoptosis resistance and developmental culling of neuronal precursor cells. SDHB-, SDHC-, and SDHD-associated PGLs give rise to more or less distinct clinical phenotypes. SDHB mutations mainly predispose to extra-adrenal, and to a lesser extent, adrenal PGLs, with a high malignant potential, but also head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGL). SDHD mutations are typically associated with multifocal HNPGL and usually benign adrenal and extra-adrenal PGLs. SDHC mutations are a rare cause of mainly HNPGL. Most abdominal and thoracic SDHB-PGLs hypersecrete either norepinephrine or norepinephrine and dopamine. However, only some hypersecrete dopamine, are biochemically silent. The biochemical phenotype of SDHD-PGL has not been systematically studied. For the localization of PGL, several positron emission tomography (PET) tracers are available. Metastatic SDHB-PGL is the best localized by [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. The identification of SDHx mutations in patients with PGL is warranted for a tailor-made approach to the biochemical diagnosis, imaging, treatment, follow-up, and family screening.
Département de Médecine Génomique des Tumeurs et des Cancers, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Mays Cancer Center at UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Paragangliomas (PGL) of the adrenal (also known as pheochromocytomas) or extra-adrenal neural crest-derived cells are highly heritable tumors, usually driven by single pathogenic variants that occur mutually exclusively in genes involved in multiple cellular processes, including the response to hypoxia, MAPK/ERK signaling, and WNT signaling. The discovery of driver mutations has led to active clinical surveillance with outcome implications in familial PGL. The spectrum of mutations continues to grow and reveal unique mechanisms of tumorigenesis that inform tumor biology and provide the rationale for targeted therapy. Here we review recent progress in the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of PGLs and discuss new prospects for advancing research with new disease models and ongoing clinical trials presented at the recent International Symposium of Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas (ISP2022) held in October 2022 in Prague.
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Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are adrenal or extra-adrenal autonomous nervous system-derived tumors. Most PPGLs are benign, but approximately 15% progress with metastases (mPPGLs). mPPGLs are more likely to occur in patients with large pheochromocytomas, sympathetic paragangliomas, and norepinephrine-secreting tumors. Older subjects, those with larger tumors and synchronous metastases, advance more rapidly. Germline mutations of SDHB, FH, and possibly SLC25A11, or somatic MAML3 disruptions relate to a higher risk for metastatic disease. However, it is unclear whether these mutations predict outcome. Once diagnosed, there are no well-established predictors of outcome in mPPGLs, and aggressive tumors have few therapeutic options and limited response. High-specific activity (HSA) metaiodine-benzyl-guanidine (MIBG) is the first FDA approved treatment and shows clinical effectiveness for MIBG-avid mPPGLs. Ongoing and future investigations should involve validation of emerging candidate outcome biomarkers, including somatic ATRX, TERT, and microRNA disruptions and identification of novel prognostic indicators. Long-term effect of HSA-MIBG and the role of other radiopharmaceuticals should be investigated. Novel trials targeting molecular events prevalent in SDHB/FH mutant tumors, such as activated hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF2), angiogenesis, or other mitochondrial defects that might confer unique vulnerability to these tumors should be developed and initiated. As therapeutic options are anticipated to expand, multi-institutional collaborations and well-defined clinical and molecular endpoints will be critical to achieve higher success rates in improving care for patients with mPPGLs.
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Radiologie, Paris, France
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Sorbonne Université, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Sorbonne Université, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Sorbonne Université, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Plateforme d’Imageries du Vivant, Université de Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
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Sorbonne Université, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Radiologie, Paris, France
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Therapies for metastatic SDHB-dependent pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are limited and poorly efficient. New targeted therapies and identification of early non-invasive biomarkers of response are thus urgently needed for these patients. We characterized an in vivo allograft model of spontaneously immortalized murine chromaffin cells (imCC) with inactivation of the Sdhb gene by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and 18FDG-PET. We evaluated the response to several therapies: IACS-010759 (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitor), sunitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-angiogenic activity), talazoparib (poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor) combined or not to temozolomide (alkylating agent), pharmacological inhibitors of HIF2a (PT2385 and PT2977 (belzutifan)) and molecular inactivation of HIF2a (imCC Sdhb−/− shHIF2a). Multimodal imaging was performed, including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to monitor the level of succinate in vivo. The allografted model of Sdhb−/− imCC reflected SDHB-deficient tumors, with increased angiogenesis and a particular avidity for 18FDG. After 14 days of treatment, IACS-010759, sunitinib and talazoparib at high doses allowed a significant reduction of the tumor volumes. In contrast to the tumor growth inhibition observed in Sdhb−/− shHIF2a imCC tumors, pharmacological inhibitors of HIF2a (PT2385 and belzutifan) showed no antitumor action in this model, alone or in combination with sunitinib. 1H-MRS, but not DCE-MRI, enabled the monitoring response to sunitinib, which was the best treatment in this study, promoting a decrease in succinate levels detected in vivo. This study paves the way for new therapeutic options and reveals a potential new early biomarker of response to treatment in SDHB-dependent PPGL.
Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS (UPR 3212), Strasbourg, France
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ICube, UMR 7357 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS et FMTS, Faculté de Medécine, Strasbourg, France
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Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France
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Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France
Centre Expert National COMETE-Cancer de la surrénale, Paris, France
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Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Tumeurs Endocrines, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
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Sorbonne University, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
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Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Inserm, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology Diabetology, University Hospital Center of Reims, Reims, France
Department of Genetic, University Hospital Center of Reims, Reims, France
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CRESTIC EA 3804, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de La Housse, BP 1039, Reims, France
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Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
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Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
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Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
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Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
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Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Inserm, Paris, France
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Germline mutations in genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are frequently involved in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) development and were implicated in patients with the ‘3PAs’ syndrome (associating pituitary adenoma (PA) and PPGL) or isolated PA. However, the causality link between SDHx mutation and PA remains difficult to establish, and in vivo tools for detecting hallmarks of SDH deficiency are scarce. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can detect succinate in vivo as a biomarker of SDHx mutations in PGL. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the causality link between PA and SDH deficiency in vivo using 1H-MRS as a novel noninvasive tool for succinate detection in PA. Three SDHx-mutated patients suffering from a PPGL and a macroprolactinoma and one patient with an apparently sporadic non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma underwent MRI examination at 3 T. An optimized 1H-MRS semi-LASER sequence (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 144 ms) was employed for the detection of succinate in vivo. Succinate and choline-containing compounds were identified in the MR spectra as single resonances at 2.44 and 3.2 ppm, respectively. Choline compounds were detected in all the tumors (three PGL and four PAs), while a succinate peak was only observed in the three macroprolactinomas and the three PGL of SDHx-mutated patients, demonstrating SDH deficiency in these tumors. In conclusion, the detection of succinate by 1H-MRS as a hallmark of SDH deficiency in vivo is feasible in PA, laying the groundwork for a better understanding of the biological link between SDHx mutations and the development of these tumors.